Abstract
In this study, microalgal phenolic extracts (MPE) of Nannochloropsis sp. and Spirulina sp. were tested in in vitro experiments and, in comparison with synthetic fungicides, in field experiments, for their ability to control Fusarium graminearum development and limit deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination. In in vitro experiments, the Nannochloropsis and Spirulina extracts inhibited fungal biomass by 34 and 25%, respectively, compared with the untreated control. This effect was confirmed by a reduction in ergosterol production (-80% for Nannochloropsis and -75% for Spirulina ) and in DON content (-97% for Nannochloropsis and -62% for Spirulina ). In field experiments, application of the fungicide prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazole resulted in control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and foliar disease, leading to a significant increase in grain yield (+13%) and a reduction in DON content (-46%) compared to the untreated control. The application of MPE at wheat flowering reduced the severity of FHB compared with the control (-35% for Spirulina and -39% for Nannochloropsis ). However, the MPE did not significantly control foliar diseases ( Septoria tritici blotch) and therefore did not enhance the grain yield. Moreover, no effect in reducing the DON content in comparison to the control was observed in the field. In view of that, the use of MPE in wheat fields as real alternatives to conventional fungicides requires the discovery of solutions to empower their persistence and efficacy.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed other-oa. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Nannochloropsis extract inhibited fungal biomass by 34% in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Nannochloropsise0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearumt0pathogene0 - Outcome
- fungal biomasse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 34e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the Nannochloropsis and Spirulina extracts inhibited fungal biomass by 34 and 25%, respectively, compared with the untreated control.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract inhibited fungal biomass by 25% in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spirulina extractse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- fungal biomasse0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Nannochloropsis and Spirulina extracts inhibited fungal biomass by 34 and 25%, respectively, compared with the untreated control.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nannochloropsis extract reduced ergosterol production by 80%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nannochloropsise0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- ergosterol productione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- -80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in ergosterol production (-80% for Nannochloropsis and -75% for Spirulina )”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract reduced ergosterol production by 75%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spirulinae0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- ergosterol productione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- -75%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in ergosterol production (-80% for Nannochloropsis and -75% for Spirulina )”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nannochloropsis extract reduced DON content by 97% in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Nannochloropsise0
- Outcome
- DON contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- -97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effect was confirmed by a reduction in ergosterol production (-80% for Nannochloropsis and -75% for Spirulina ) and in DON content (-97% for Nannochloropsis and -62% for Spirulina ).”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract reduced DON content by 62% in vitro.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Spirulinae0
- Outcome
- DON contente0
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede0
- Value
- -62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in DON content (-97% for Nannochloropsis and -62% for Spirulina )”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide application controlled FHB and foliar disease in the field.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazolee0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- Fusarium head blight (FHB) and foliar diseasee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the fungicide prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazole resulted in control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and foliar disease”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Field fungicide use increased grain yield by 13%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazolee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +13%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the fungicide prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazole resulted in control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and foliar disease, leading to a significant increase in grain yield (+13%) and a reduction in DON content (-46%) compared to the untreated control.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Field fungicide use reduced DON content by 46%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazolee0
- Outcome
- DON contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- -46%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the fungicide prothioconazole and prothioconazole + tebuconazole resulted in control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) and foliar disease, leading to a significant increase in grain yield (+13%) and a reduction in DON content (-46%) compared to the untreated control.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirulina extract at flowering reduced FHB severity by 35%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spirulinae0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- severity of FHBe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- -35%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of MPE at wheat flowering reduced the severity of FHB compared with the control (-35% for Spirulina and -39% for Nannochloropsis ).”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nannochloropsis extract at flowering reduced FHB severity by 39%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nannochloropsise0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- severity of FHBe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- -39%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of MPE at wheat flowering reduced the severity of FHB compared with the control (-35% for Spirulina and -39% for Nannochloropsis ).”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Microalgal extracts did not significantly control Septoria tritici blotch.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MPEe0
- Interactor
- Septoria tritici
Zymoseptoria triticie0pathogen - Outcome
- foliar diseases ( Septoria tritici blotch)e0
- Direction
- did not significantly controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the MPE did not significantly control foliar diseases ( Septoria tritici blotch)”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Microalgal extracts did not increase grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MPEe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the MPE did not significantly control foliar diseases ( Septoria tritici blotch) and therefore did not enhance the grain yield.”
t0“Fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol contamination in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Microalgal extracts did not reduce field DON content versus control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MPEe0
- Outcome
- DON contente0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Comparator
- the controle0
- Setting
- fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of MPE at wheat flowering reduced the severity of FHB compared with the control (-35% for Spirulina and -39% for Nannochloropsis ). However, the MPE did not significantly control foliar diseases ( Septoria tritici blotch) and therefore did not enhance the grain yield. Moreover, no effect in reducing the DON content in comparison to the control was observed in the field.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for better persistence and efficacy before field substitution for fungicides.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- MPEe0
- Outcome
- requires the discovery of solutions to empower their persistence and efficacye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of MPE in wheat fields as real alternatives to conventional fungicides requires the discovery of solutions to empower their persistence and efficacy.”
The same questions in other papers
prothioconazole · Fusarium graminearum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →tebuconazole · Fusarium graminearum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →prothioconazole · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →tebuconazole · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →prothioconazole · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →tebuconazole · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
35 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
32 papers more in this group
See all 36 papers →botanical · Fusarium graminearum · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →botanical · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
69 papers more in this group
See all 73 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.