Abstract
Fresh-cut kale ( Brassica oleracea ) is highly perishable due to dehydration, enzymatic browning, membrane damage, and microbial spoilage. This study developed an active packaging system using chitosan-based nanocomposite films containing titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles and nanoencapsulated essential oils (EO-NCs) from Thymus daenensis Celak and Bunium persicum . The nanomaterials were synthesized, characterized (SEM, DLS, FTIR, XRD, UV–Vis), and incorporated into absorbent pads for kale storage at 4 °C over 40 days. The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %), improved chlorophyll retention (∼30–35 %), and preserved membrane integrity (>40 % at day 40). It also maintained phenolics (3.2–3.4 mg GAE/g vs. ∼2.0 in controls), ascorbic acid, and protein (∼25–30 % higher). EO-NCs showed strong antioxidant activity, inhibiting PPO and POD to reduce browning. Mineral retention was enhanced (Mn and Fe ∼20–25 % higher), while microbial growth was suppressed. Overall, TiO₂ and EO-NCs synergistically improved postharvest stability, demonstrating a sustainable strategy for extending shelf life of fresh-cut vegetables. • Chitosan–EO-NC–TiO₂ nanocomposite films extended kale shelf life by 30–40 days. • Active films reduced browning, water loss, and microbial spoilage during storage. • EO-NCs enabled controlled release of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. • TiO₂ nanoparticles enhanced film stability and contributed photocatalytic defense. • Bioactive packaging preserved chlorophyll, phenolics, and vitamin C in kale leaves.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging reduced kale weight loss by about 45–55%.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridist0 - Treatment
- packaginge0
- Outcome
- weight losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ∼45–55 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging improved chlorophyll retention by about 30–35%.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- packaginge1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll retentione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- ∼30–35 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improved chlorophyll retention (∼30–35 %)”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging preserved membrane integrity above 40% at day 40.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- packaginge1
- Outcome
- membrane integritye0
- Direction
- preservede0
- Value
- >40 %e0
- Qualifier
- day 40e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“preserved membrane integrity (>40 % at day 40)”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging maintained phenolics at 3.2–3.4 mg GAE/g versus about 2.0 in controls.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- packaginge1
- Outcome
- phenolicse0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Value
- 3.2–3.4 mg GAE/ge0
- Qualifier
- ∼2.0e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintained phenolics (3.2–3.4 mg GAE/g vs. ∼2.0 in controls)”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging maintained ascorbic acid and protein about 25–30% higher.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- packaginge1
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid, and proteine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ∼25–30 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbic acid, and protein (∼25–30 % higher)”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
EO-NCs inhibited PPO and POD and reduced browning.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- EO-NCse0
- Gene
- PPO and PODe0
- Outcome
- browninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EO-NCs showed strong antioxidant activity, inhibiting PPO and POD to reduce browning”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging increased Mn and Fe retention by about 20–25%.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- packaginge1
- Outcome
- Mn and Fee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ∼20–25 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral retention was enhanced (Mn and Fe ∼20–25 % higher)”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Packaging suppressed microbial growth.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- packaginge1
- Outcome
- microbial growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while microbial growth was suppressed”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanocomposite films extended kale shelf life by 30–40 days.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Treatment
- Chitosan–EO-NC–TiO₂ nanocomposite filmse0
- Outcome
- shelf lifee0
- Direction
- extendede0
- Value
- 30–40 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chitosan–EO-NC–TiO₂ nanocomposite films extended kale shelf life by 30–40 days”
t0“kale”
t1“kale”
e1“The packaging significantly reduced weight loss (∼45–55 %)”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.