Effect of Nano Zeolite, Nano Micronutrients and Biocapsules on Plant Growth, Head Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)

Abstract

The present investigation was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj (U.P.), during the Rabi season of the year 2020–21. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design with three replications and 15 treatments. T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching)+ Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles & T13 N P K (RDF) + Biocapsule 500 ppm (soil drenching) + foliar application of ZnO and FeOnano particles was found to be the best in Plant height, leaf area, and no of leaves. Again In terms of yield parameters, the treatment T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles performed best in Head diameter (cm), Marketable Head Yield/plot (kg), Marketable Head Yield/hectare (q/ha), Harvest Index (%) (18.68 cm, 3.15 kg, 212.86 qh, 90.65%).

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Claims 5

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T15 and T13 were best for plant height, leaf area, and leaf number.

Taxon: BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
Treatment: T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching)+ Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles & T13 N P K (RDF) + Biocapsule 500 ppm (soil drenching) + foliar application of ZnO and FeOnano particlese0
Outcome: Plant height, leaf area, and no of leavese0
Direction: beste0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Brassica oleracea var. italica* · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

t0
“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 103–143 · show in text ↑

e0
“T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching)+ Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles & T13 N P K (RDF) + Biocapsule 500 ppm (soil drenching) + foliar application of ZnO and FeOnano particles was found to be the best in Plant height, leaf area, and no of leaves”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 368–666 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T15 had the best head diameter at 18.68 cm.

Taxon: BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
Treatment: T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particlese0
Outcome: Head diametere0
Direction: beste0
Value: 18.68 cme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 103–143 · show in text ↑

e0
“the treatment T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles performed best in Head diameter (cm), Marketable Head Yield/plot (kg), Marketable Head Yield/hectare (q/ha), Harvest Index (%) (18.68 cm, 3.15 kg, 212.86 qh, 90.65%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 704–1007 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T15 had the best marketable head yield per plot at 3.15 kg.

Taxon: BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
Treatment: T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particlese0
Outcome: Marketable Head Yield/plote0
Direction: beste0
Value: 3.15 kge0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 103–143 · show in text ↑

e0
“the treatment T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles performed best in Head diameter (cm), Marketable Head Yield/plot (kg), Marketable Head Yield/hectare (q/ha), Harvest Index (%) (18.68 cm, 3.15 kg, 212.86 qh, 90.65%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 704–1007 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T15 had the best marketable head yield per hectare at 212.86 qh.

Taxon: BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
Treatment: T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particlese0
Outcome: Marketable Head Yield/hectaree0
Direction: beste0
Value: 212.86 qhe0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 103–143 · show in text ↑

e0
“the treatment T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles performed best in Head diameter (cm), Marketable Head Yield/plot (kg), Marketable Head Yield/hectare (q/ha), Harvest Index (%) (18.68 cm, 3.15 kg, 212.86 qh, 90.65%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 704–1007 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T15 had the best harvest index at 90.65%.

Taxon: BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
Treatment: T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particlese0
Outcome: Harvest Indexe0
Direction: beste0
Value: 90.65%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

t0
“Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var Italica)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 103–143 · show in text ↑

e0
“the treatment T15 N P K (RDF) + Nanozeolite 50 ppm (Soil drenching) + Biocapsule 500 ppm+ folia application of ZnO and FeO nano particles performed best in Head diameter (cm), Marketable Head Yield/plot (kg), Marketable Head Yield/hectare (q/ha), Harvest Index (%) (18.68 cm, 3.15 kg, 212.86 qh, 90.65%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 704–1007 · show in text ↑

zinc oxide · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

positive
ZnO-NPs increased broccoli seed germination by 37.5% compared with distilled water.
A preliminary study of influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth parameters of Brassica oleracea var italic · 2020 · compared with distilled water treatment without any nanoparticle
Same direction

See all 2 papers →

nanoparticle · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

5 papers: 4 positive, 1 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

no effect
Three nitrogen sources produced equally good yields and color.
Influence of Seeding Rate, Source and Level of Nitrogen on Collards1 · 1971
Opposite direction
positive
Nanocomposite films extended kale shelf life by 30–40 days.
Biopolymer-based active packaging with TiO₂ and nano-encapsulated essential oils improves postharvest stability of fresh-cut kale · 2025
Same direction
positive
The quadruple combination had the highest marketable head yield, 38.94 Mg ha −1.
Effect of Nano-Manganese, EM.Bokashi Fertilization and Spraying Nanoparticles of Iron and Carbon Nanotubes in Soil Sustainability, Enhancing Some Growth Parameters and Yield of Broccoli · 2025
Same direction

1 paper more in this group

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nanoparticle · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

17 papers: 16 positive, 1 negative or no effect

15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

no effect
Ground-applied nano-fertilizer plus chemical fertilizer did not significantly affect cauliflower yield per plant, reported as 5.027 g plant -1.
Effect of Fertilizer Combination and Application Methods of Nano-Fertilizer on Yield of Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis · 2023
Opposite direction
positive
NHA exceeded CSP for broccoli total head yield by 13.6 to 15.8%.
Can Hydroxyapatite and Boron Oxide Nano-fertilizers Substitute Calcium Superphosphate and Boric Acid for Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Grown on A Heavy Clay Soil? · 2019 · compared with CSP
Same direction
positive
Nanobiochar increased cauliflower curd weight by 30% relative to control.
Nanobiochar Application in Combination with Mulching Improves Metabolites and Curd Quality Traits in Cauliflower · 2023 · compared with control
Same direction

13 papers more in this group

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application · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

23 papers: 20 positive, 3 negative or no effect

19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Spray schedules did not affect marketable cabbage yields or head size.
Response of Cabbage to Insecticide Schedule, Plant Spacing, and Fertilizer Rates · 1985
Opposite direction
no effect
GA3 and NAA foliar sprays did not significantly change days to 50 % curd initiation or days to first marketable curd in cauliflower.
The Implications of Growth-Regulating Substances on Growth and Yield Traits of Cauliflower · 2023
Opposite direction
no effect
Alternating cypermethrin and phenthoate sprays did not significantly increase marketable cabbage-head yield over entomopathogen plots.
Potential of mass‐production and field efficacy of isolates of the entomopathogenic fungiBeauveria bassianaandPaecilomyces fumosoroseusagainstPlutella xylostella · 1993 · compared with plots treated with the entomopathogens
No difference from an alternative

19 papers more in this group

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fertilization · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

55 papers: 50 positive, 5 negative or no effect

49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Marketable broccoli yields sometimes did not differ significantly between controls and cowpea residue plots receiving 84 kg ha −1 fertilizer N.
Utilization of Cowpea Crop Residues to Reduce Fertilizer Nitrogen Inputs with Fall Broccoli · 1998 · compared with controls
Opposite direction
no effect
rate of preplant fertilizer did not significantly alter yield, head weight or maturity.
Sidedress N Application Methods for Broccoli Production · 1995
Opposite direction
no effect
Fertigation frequency did not significantly affect marketable yield.
Fertigation Frequency Effects on Yield and Quality of Subsurface Drip-Irrigated Broccoli · 1999
Opposite direction

51 papers more in this group

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application · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

79 papers: 74 positive, 5 negative or no effect

73 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Foliar acetylsalicylic acid did not harm parasitoid emergence ability.
The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and oxalic acid on Myzus persicae and Aphidius colemani · 2008
Opposite direction
negative
High spray concentration reduced plant growth.
STANDARDISATION OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF BORON FOR CORRECTION OF BROWN ROT AND FOR INCREASING YIELD OF CAULIFLOWER (BRASSICA OLERACEA CONVAR BOTRYTIS VAR BO TRYTIS) IN INCREASING BIHAR PLATEAU · 1998
Opposite direction
negative
Additives reduced curd diameter compared with four unamended sprays.
Standardization of foliar application of molybdenum for high yield of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea convar botrytis var botrytis) on Alfisol of Bihar plateau · 1995 · compared with 4 sprays of 0.1 % ammonium molybdate without additives
Opposite direction

75 papers more in this group

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application · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

110 papers: 104 positive, 6 negative or no effect

103 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction

no effect
Foliar application of all boron treatments had no significant effect on plant height, number of leaves per plant and average plant spread of broccoli.
Influence of foliar fertilization of boron on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) in boron deficient soil of Doon Valley, India · 2017
Opposite direction
no effect
Foliar sprays of seaweed, fish and fertilizer products did not affect plant nutrient levels or yields in sweet peppers, broccoli or lettuce.
The Use of Marine Derived Products and Soybean Meal as Fertilizers in Organic Vegetable Production · 2004 · compared with water control
Opposite direction
negative
Combining root and transplant dipping caused benomyl phytotoxicity and reduced yield.
Clubroot control in cabbage and cauliflower using mechanised transplanting drenches · 1982
Opposite direction

106 papers more in this group

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fertilization · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

264 papers: 240 positive, 24 negative or no effect

239 papers in the same direction as this paper · 21 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Above 75% ammonium nitrogen reduced cabbage growth by 87% against an equal ammonium–nitrate ratio.
Growth and Major Nutrient Concentrations in Brassica campestris Supplied with Different NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ Ratios · 2007 · compared with ratio NH 4 + /NO 3 − of 0.5:0.5
Opposite direction
negative
Cow manure extract reduced kale aboveground wet and dry mass versus control.
Aerated chicken, cow, and turkey manure extracts differentially affect lettuce and kale yield in hydroponics · 2019 · compared with control
Opposite direction
no effect
Nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on plant height and outer-leaf number.
Effect of different rate of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of cabbage (Brassica Oleraceae) at Debre Markos, North West Ethiopia · 2017
Opposite direction

260 papers more in this group

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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 5

The same questions in other papers

zinc oxide · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree

nanoparticle · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

nanoparticle · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

application · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

fertilization · quality: postharvest · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

application · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

application · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results

fertilization · growth · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results