Abstract
Over half of global food waste occurs in retail and households, highlighting the importance of improving shelf life. Many factors affect shelf life, including storage temperature, harvest time, processing method, and packaging. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), such as nitrogen (N 2 ), has been used to improve the shelf life of produce. This study aimed to determine the effect of nitrogen-enriched packaging on the shelf life of greenhouse- and garden-grown kale in raised beds outdoors. Five kale cultivars (Black Magic, Darkibor, Lacinato, Red Russian, and Westlander) were grown in the greenhouse, and four cultivars (Curly Roja, Dwarf Green Curled, Meadowlark, and Vates) outdoors in raised beds, harvested and stored in nitrogen-enriched or nonenriched bags for 6 days. Leaf water content, water activity, color, visual score, and texture were measured for each replicate. Nitrogen-enriched packaging did not affect the kale shelf life. Garden-grown kale exhibited significantly lower water activity (0.979 vs. 0.999) and noticeably lower water content (88.6 vs. 90.6%) than greenhouse-grown kale. The cultivars were significant for all factors tested except for texture on day 4 and change in light to dark (Δ L*) and blue to yellow (Δ b*) color ratios. At the end of the study, cultivars Darkibor and Curly Roja had the highest visual score (4.4) and texture (305 g), respectively. The high performance of ‘Darkibor’ and ‘Curly Roja’ in visual score and texture may be due to decreased (Δ L*) and (Δ b*) values and decreased water content and water activity values. Future breeding efforts focused on the shelf life of kale should use the top-performing cultivars identified in this study and a diverse genetic population tested in a range of environments to develop cultivars with a longer shelf life.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen-enriched packaging did not affect kale shelf life.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridise0t0 - Treatment
- Nitrogen-enriched packaginge0
- Outcome
- kale shelf lifee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen-enriched packaging did not affect the kale shelf life.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Garden-grown kale had significantly lower water activity than greenhouse-grown kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Outcome
- water activitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.979e0
- Qualifier
- 0.999e0
- Comparator
- greenhouse-growne0
- Setting
- Garden-growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Garden-grown kale exhibited significantly lower water activity (0.979 vs. 0.999) and noticeably lower water content (88.6 vs. 90.6%) than greenhouse-grown kale.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Garden-grown kale had lower water content than greenhouse-grown kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Outcome
- water contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 88.6e0
- Qualifier
- 90.6%e0
- Comparator
- greenhouse-growne0
- Setting
- Garden-growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Garden-grown kale exhibited significantly lower water activity (0.979 vs. 0.999) and noticeably lower water content (88.6 vs. 90.6%) than greenhouse-grown kale.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale cultivars differed significantly for all tested factors except texture on day 4 and two color changes.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Material
- cultivarse0
- Outcome
- all factors testede0
- Qualifier
- except for texture on day 4 and change in light to dark (Δ L*) and blue to yellow (Δ b*) color ratiose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivars were significant for all factors tested except for texture on day 4 and change in light to dark (Δ L*) and blue to yellow (Δ b*) color ratios.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Darkibor had the highest visual score, 4.4.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Material
- Darkibore0
- Outcome
- visual scoree0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivars Darkibor and Curly Roja had the highest visual score (4.4) and texture (305 g), respectively.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Curly Roja had the highest texture measurement, 305 g.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Material
- Curly Rojae0
- Outcome
- texturee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 305 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivars Darkibor and Curly Roja had the highest visual score (4.4) and texture (305 g), respectively.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested that lower color change, water content, and water activity may explain the cultivars’ performance.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Material
- Darkibore0
- Outcome
- high performancee0
- Qualifier
- decreased (Δ L*) and (Δ b*) values and decreased water content and water activity valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high performance of ‘Darkibor’ and ‘Curly Roja’ in visual score and texture may be due to decreased (Δ L*) and (Δ b*) values and decreased water content and water activity values.”
t0“Kale”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended Darkibor and Curly Roja for breeding longer shelf life across diverse environments.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0t0
- Outcome
- cultivars with a longer shelf lifee0
- Qualifier
- a diverse genetic population tested in a range of environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Future breeding efforts focused on the shelf life of kale should use the top-performing cultivars identified in this study and a diverse genetic population tested in a range of environments to develop cultivars with a longer shelf life.”
t0“Kale”
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 43 in the opposite direction
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See all 47 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.