Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is an important environmental constraint effecting crop productivity. Spermine (SPM) is a polyamine compound regulating plant responses to abiotic stresses. However, SPM-mediated tolerance mechanisms against Cr stress are less commonly explored in plants. Thus, current research was conducted to explore the protective mechanisms of SPM (0.01 mM) against Cr (100 µM) toxicity in two rice cultivars, CY927 (sensitive) and YLY689 (tolerant) at the seedling stage. Our results revealed that, alone, Cr exposure significantly reduced seed germination, biomass and photosynthetic related parameters, caused nutrient and hormonal imbalance, desynchronized antioxidant enzymes, and triggered oxidative damage by over-accretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage in both rice varieties, with greater impairments in CY927 than YLY689. However, seed priming with SPM notably improved or reversed the above-mentioned parameters, especially in YLY689. Besides, SPM stimulated the stress-responsive genes of endogenous phytohormones, especially salicylic acid (SA), as confirmed by the pronounced transcript levels of SA-related genes (OsPR1, OsPR2 and OsNPR1). Our findings specified that SPM enhanced rice tolerance against Cr toxicity via decreasing accumulation of Cr and markers of oxidative damage (H2O2, O2•− and MDA), improving antioxidant defense enzymes, photosynthetic apparatus, nutrients and phytohormone balance.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium reduced rice seed germination, biomass, and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Cr exposuree0
- Outcome
- seed germination, biomass and photosynthetic related parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr exposure significantly reduced seed germination, biomass and photosynthetic related parameters”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium disrupted nutrients, hormones, and antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Cr exposuree1
- Outcome
- nutrient and hormonal imbalance, desynchronized antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused nutrient and hormonal imbalance, desynchronized antioxidant enzymes”
e1“Cr exposure”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium increased oxidative damage markers in both cultivars, more in CY927.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- CY927e0
- Treatment
- Cr exposuree1
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- YLY689e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“triggered oxidative damage by over-accretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage in both rice varieties, with greater impairments in CY927 than YLY689”
e1“Cr exposure”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming improved or reversed stress parameters, especially in YLY689.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Material
- YLY689e0
- Treatment
- seed priming with SPMe0
- Outcome
- above-mentioned parameterse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming with SPM notably improved or reversed the above-mentioned parameters, especially in YLY689”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased SA-related gene transcripts.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Gene
- OsPR1, OsPR2 and OsNPR1e0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPM stimulated the stress-responsive genes of endogenous phytohormones, especially salicylic acid (SA), as confirmed by the pronounced transcript levels of SA-related genes (OsPR1, OsPR2 and OsNPR1)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine decreased chromium accumulation and oxidative damage markers.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of Cr and markers of oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPM enhanced rice tolerance against Cr toxicity via decreasing accumulation of Cr and markers of oxidative damage (H2O2, O2•− and MDA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved antioxidant defense, photosynthetic apparatus, nutrients, and hormone balance.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe1
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense enzymes, photosynthetic apparatus, nutrients and phytohormone balancee0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“improving antioxidant defense enzymes, photosynthetic apparatus, nutrients and phytohormone balance”
e1“SPM enhanced rice tolerance”
t0“Rice”
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See all 37 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.