Abstract
Rice is the most consumed food in the world, mainly in Asia and Africa. Malaysia is the second-largest rice importer in Southeast Asia after Indonesia. However, rice yield is limited by water stress. One alternative for a quicker strategy to mitigate water stress is through a combination of foliar spermine application and efficient rice management practices via image monitoring techniques using drone technology. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of spermine on rice physiological response and its association with aerial imagery and yield during reproductive stage under water stress. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using a two-factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD), with foliar spermine treatment as the first factor and water stress as the second factor. Physiological parameters showed significantly higher tiller number per pot and photosynthesis rate by 29% and 31%, respectively. Correspondingly, the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using aerial imagery monitoring showed an increased value in spermine treatments by 2% compared to control. Furthermore, NDVI readings and photosynthetic rate were positively correlated linearly with R2= 0.51. Interestingly, spermine treatments alleviated water stress effects by 40%, 17% and 12% in grain weight per pot, grain number per panicle and percentage filled grain. Biomass partitioning in roots improved by 44% in spermine treatments, even under water stress, due to an efficient translocation of assimilates. In conclusion, spermine foliar application significantly improved growth, grain filling and rice yield production, which was also supported by NDVI values using aerial imagery monitoring.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine treatment increased tiller number per pot by 29%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological parameters showed significantly higher tiller number per pot and photosynthesis rate by 29% and 31%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“foliar spermine treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine treatment increased photosynthesis rate by 31%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Physiological parameters showed significantly higher tiller number per pot and photosynthesis rate by 29% and 31%, respectively.”
t0“Rice”
e1“foliar spermine treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI increased by 2% with spermine treatment versus control.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- spermine treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using aerial imagery monitoring showed an increased value in spermine treatments by 2% compared to control”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI and photosynthetic rate were positively correlated with R2= 0.51.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- NDVI readingse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Value
- R2= 0.51e0
- Comparator
- photosynthetic ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NDVI readings and photosynthetic rate were positively correlated linearly with R2= 0.51”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine alleviated water stress effects on grain weight per pot by 40%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- spermine treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain weight per pote0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spermine treatments alleviated water stress effects by 40%, 17% and 12% in grain weight per pot, grain number per panicle and percentage filled grain”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine alleviated water stress effects on grain number per panicle by 17%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- spermine treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain number per paniclee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Qualifier
- water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spermine treatments alleviated water stress effects by 40%, 17% and 12% in grain weight per pot, grain number per panicle and percentage filled grain”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine alleviated water stress effects on percentage filled grain by 12%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- spermine treatmentse0
- Outcome
- percentage filled graine0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Qualifier
- water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spermine treatments alleviated water stress effects by 40%, 17% and 12% in grain weight per pot, grain number per panicle and percentage filled grain”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved biomass partitioning in roots by 44% under water stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- spermine treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Biomass partitioning in rootse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Qualifier
- under water stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass partitioning in roots improved by 44% in spermine treatments, even under water stress”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Efficient translocation of assimilates was asserted to explain improved root biomass partitioning.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Biomass partitioning in rootse0
- Qualifier
- efficient translocation of assimilatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biomass partitioning in roots improved by 44% in spermine treatments, even under water stress, due to an efficient translocation of assimilates”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
spermine · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
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- positive
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See all 6 papers →spermine · physiology: photosynthesis · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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- positive
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spermine · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
9 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.