Abstract
The present study was aimed to assess the efficacy of the tetramine, spermine (Spm) as a seed priming agent in attenuating oxidative damages and improving salt tolerance in salt-stressed seedlings of IR-64 (salt-sensitive) and Nonabokra (salt-tolerant) rice cultivars. The extent of damages was lesser in Nonabokra due to higher cysteine and ascorbic acid (AA), reducing power ability, concomitant with unaltered ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) activity, and elevated ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and -amylase activity. Spm priming alleviated salt stress injury by lowering the malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 content and avoiding chlorophyll degeneration in both the cultivars, the effect being more pronounced in IR-64 in terms of H 2 O 2 reduction. The intrinsic property of Spm in stress amelioration was highly evident with respect to the reduction in the levels of anthocyanin, total phenolics and cysteine, and activity of AAO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in IR-64, whereas lowered guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and SOD activity in Nonabokra, as compared to Spm non-primed stressed-seedlings. However, Spm priming enhanced the reducing power ability, GPX, -amylase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in IR-64, and anthocyanin, AA and CAT activity in Nonabokra, as means of mitigating cellular NaCl toxicity. A clear-cut variation in GPX, CAT, SOD and esterase isozyme profile was discernible between the two cultivars during salinity stress, with specific isoform(s) being up regulated or down regulated with Spm pre-treatment. In terms of osmolyte regulation, Spm priming appeared to be more promising in Nonabokra, because of the enhanced levels of reducing sugar, amino acids and proline. All these results indicated that seed priming with Spm at the pre-sowing stage can promote salinity tolerance with varying degrees in the two rice cultivars by attenuating oxidative damages, triggering the antioxidants and osmolytes, and activating the antioxidative enzymes at the protein level.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt damage was lower in Nonabokra than IR-64 seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Nonabokrae0
- Outcome
- extent of damagese0
- Direction
- lessere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The extent of damages was lesser in Nonabokra”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonabokra had higher cysteine and ascorbic acid levels and reducing power.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- cysteine and ascorbic acid (AA), reducing power abilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher cysteine and ascorbic acid (AA), reducing power ability”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonabokra maintained ascorbic acid oxidase activity and had elevated ascorbate peroxidase and amylase activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) activitye0
- Direction
- unalterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unaltered ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) activity, and elevated ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and -amylase activity”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming lowered malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in both rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spm priminge0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 contente0
- Direction
- loweringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm priming alleviated salt stress injury by lowering the malondialdehyde and H 2 O 2 content”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming avoided chlorophyll degeneration in both rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degeneratione0
- Direction
- avoidinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“avoiding chlorophyll degeneration in both the cultivars”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming reduced hydrogen peroxide more strongly in IR-64.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR-64e0
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 reductione0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effect being more pronounced in IR-64 in terms of H 2 O 2 reduction”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In IR-64, spermine priming reduced anthocyanin, total phenolics and cysteine.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin, total phenolics and cysteinee0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction in the levels of anthocyanin, total phenolics and cysteine”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In IR-64, spermine priming reduced AAO and SOD activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR-64e0
- Outcome
- activity of AAO and superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activity of AAO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in IR-64”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In Nonabokra, spermine priming lowered GPX, CAT and SOD activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nonabokrae0
- Outcome
- guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and SOD activitye0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- Spm non-primed stressed-seedlingse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowered guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and SOD activity in Nonabokra, as compared to Spm non-primed stressed-seedlings”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In IR-64, spermine priming enhanced reducing power and GPX and amylase activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR-64e0
- Treatment
- Spm priminge0
- Outcome
- reducing power ability, GPX, -amylase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm priming enhanced the reducing power ability, GPX, -amylase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in IR-64”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In Nonabokra, spermine priming enhanced anthocyanin, ascorbic acid and CAT activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Nonabokrae0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin, AA and CAT activitye0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanin, AA and CAT activity in Nonabokra”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GPX, CAT, SOD and esterase isozyme profiles varied between rice cultivars under salinity stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- GPX, CAT, SOD and esterase isozyme profilee0
- Direction
- variatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A clear-cut variation in GPX, CAT, SOD and esterase isozyme profile was discernible between the two cultivars during salinity stress”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific isoforms were regulated upward or downward by spermine pretreatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spm pre-treatmente0
- Outcome
- specific isoform(s)e0
- Direction
- up regulated or down regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“specific isoform(s) being up regulated or down regulated with Spm pre-treatment”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine priming enhanced reducing sugar, amino acids and proline in Nonabokra.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- reducing sugar, amino acids and prolinee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced levels of reducing sugar, amino acids and proline”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude presowing spermine priming promotes salinity tolerance to differing degrees in the two rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- seed priming with Spm at the pre-sowing stagee0
- Outcome
- promote salinity tolerance with varying degrees in the two rice cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming with Spm at the pre-sowing stage can promote salinity tolerance with varying degrees in the two rice cultivars”
t0“rice”
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