Abstract
A research trial was conducted at Agronomy Farm (SKUAST-K, Wadura, Jammu & Kashmir), during kharif 2017 and 2018 to evaluate nutrient removal in rice under various rice establishment methods and weed control measures. The study comprised of two factors: rice establishment techniques {Transplanting (TPR); Direct seeding (DSR) and System of rice intensification (SRI)} as main plot treatments and weed control measures {Butachlor @ 1500 g a.i ha−1 (B); Penoxsulam @ 22.5 g a.i ha−1 (P); Pyrazosulfuron ethyl + Pretilachlor @ 15 and 600 g a.i ha−1 (PP); Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor @ 60 and 600 g a.i ha−1 (BP); 2 Conoweeding/Hand Weeding (CW/HW); Weed free (WF) and weedy check (WC)} as sub-plot treatments meant to evaluate the best establishment method and weed management practice for rice. Over DSR and transplanted rice, the SRI technique yielded a significant increase in dry biomass accumulation (17.04 and 17.20 t ha−1) and grain (7.92 and 8.17 t ha−1) and straw (9.60 and 10.17 t ha−1) yields. Penoxsulam herbicide significantly showed higher grain and straw yield of 8.19 and 8.28 t ha−1 and 10.13 and 10.44 t ha−1, respectively, than other weed management measures by comparing the means using critical difference. TPR excelled in reducing dry weed biomass more than other established methods. All herbicides considerably reduced dry weed biomass, but Penoxsulam herbicide showed the greatest reduction in dry weed biomass and proved superior against complex weed flora. Weeds showed maximum contribution towards total Biomass under DSR, among rice establishment techniques. In contrast, among different weed control measures, it was maximum in weedy check treatment (Untreated Control) and minimum in penoxsulam treatment. SRI significantly excelled in crop (grain and straw) nutrient uptake compared to the DSR and TPR method, although different crop establishment techniques non-significantly influenced nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, penoxsulam treatment demonstrated higher crop (grain and straw) nutrient uptake among the various weed management measures. However, available soil nutrients were observed among establishment techniques, highest in DSR and lowest in SRI. Moreover, direct-seeded rice excelled SRI and transplanted rice in weed nutrient uptake, and among the different herbicidal treatments, penoxsulam recorded the lowest uptake in weeds. Nutrient budgeting demonstrated that DSR showed the maximum percentage of nutrient removal by weeds, and the minimum ratio was in TPR. In contrast, the lowest rate of nutrients removed via weeds were seen in penoxsulam application under various weed management measures.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
SRI increased dry biomass accumulation over DSR and transplanted rice, reaching 17.04 and 17.20 t/ha.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- SRI techniquee1
- Outcome
- dry biomass accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 17.04 and 17.20 t ha−1e1
- Comparator
- DSR and transplanted ricee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“Over DSR and transplanted rice, the SRI technique yielded a significant increase in dry biomass accumulation (17.04 and 17.20 t ha−1) and grain (7.92 and 8.17 t ha−1) and straw (9.60 and 10.17 t ha−1) yields”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI increased grain yield over DSR and transplanted rice, reaching 7.92 and 8.17 t/ha.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRI techniquee1
- Outcome
- graine1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 7.92 and 8.17 t ha−1e1
- Comparator
- DSR and transplanted ricee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“Over DSR and transplanted rice, the SRI technique yielded a significant increase in dry biomass accumulation (17.04 and 17.20 t ha−1) and grain (7.92 and 8.17 t ha−1) and straw (9.60 and 10.17 t ha−1) yields”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI increased straw yield over DSR and transplanted rice, reaching 9.60 and 10.17 t/ha.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SRI techniquee1
- Outcome
- strawe1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 9.60 and 10.17 t ha−1e1
- Comparator
- DSR and transplanted ricee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“Over DSR and transplanted rice, the SRI technique yielded a significant increase in dry biomass accumulation (17.04 and 17.20 t ha−1) and grain (7.92 and 8.17 t ha−1) and straw (9.60 and 10.17 t ha−1) yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam herbicide gave higher grain yield (8.19 and 8.28 t/ha) than other weed management measures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam herbicidee2
- Outcome
- graine2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 8.19 and 8.28 t ha−1e2
- Comparator
- other weed management measurese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e2“Penoxsulam herbicide significantly showed higher grain and straw yield of 8.19 and 8.28 t ha−1 and 10.13 and 10.44 t ha−1, respectively, than other weed management measures by comparing the means using critical difference”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam herbicide gave higher straw yield (10.13 and 10.44 t/ha) than other weed management measures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam herbicidee2
- Outcome
- strawe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 10.13 and 10.44 t ha−1e2
- Comparator
- other weed management measurese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e2“Penoxsulam herbicide significantly showed higher grain and straw yield of 8.19 and 8.28 t ha−1 and 10.13 and 10.44 t ha−1, respectively, than other weed management measures by comparing the means using critical difference”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplanted rice reduced dry weed biomass more than the other establishment methods.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TPRe3
- Interactor
- weede3weed
- Outcome
- dry weed biomasse3
- Direction
- reducinge3
- Comparator
- other established methodse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e3“TPR excelled in reducing dry weed biomass more than other established methods”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicides considerably reduced dry weed biomass in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- herbicidese4
- Interactor
- weede4weed
- Outcome
- dry weed biomasse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e4“All herbicides considerably reduced dry weed biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam showed the greatest reduction in dry weed biomass and was superior against the complex weed flora.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Penoxsulam herbicidee5
- Interactor
- weede5weed
- Outcome
- dry weed biomasse5
- Direction
- greatest reductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e5“Penoxsulam herbicide showed the greatest reduction in dry weed biomass and proved superior against complex weed flora”
Claim · model-written summary
Weeds contributed the maximum share of total biomass under DSR among the establishment techniques.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSRe6
- Interactor
- Weedse6weed
- Outcome
- contribution towards total Biomasse6
- Direction
- maximume6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e6“Weeds showed maximum contribution towards total Biomass under DSR, among rice establishment techniques”
Claim · model-written summary
Among weed control measures, the weed contribution was maximum in the weedy check and minimum in penoxsulam.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- weede7weed
- Outcome
- maximum in weedy check treatment (Untreated Control) and minimum in penoxsulam treatmente7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Comparator
- weedy check treatment (Untreated Control)e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e7“among different weed control measures, it was maximum in weedy check treatment (Untreated Control) and minimum in penoxsulam treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
SRI significantly increased crop nutrient uptake in grain and straw compared with DSR and TPR.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe1
- Treatment
- SRIe1
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee1
- Direction
- excellede1
- Comparator
- DSR and TPR methode1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“SRI significantly excelled in crop (grain and straw) nutrient uptake compared to the DSR and TPR method”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop establishment techniques did not significantly influence crop nutrient concentrations.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- different crop establishment techniquese1
- Outcome
- nutrient concentrationse1
- Direction
- non-significantly influencede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“different crop establishment techniques non-significantly influenced nutrient concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam treatment gave higher crop nutrient uptake in grain and straw than the other weed management measures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- grain and strawe1
- Treatment
- penoxsulam treatmente1
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- various weed management measurese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“penoxsulam treatment demonstrated higher crop (grain and straw) nutrient uptake among the various weed management measures”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil nutrients were highest under DSR and lowest under SRI.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- establishment techniquese1
- Outcome
- available soil nutrientse1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“available soil nutrients were observed among establishment techniques, highest in DSR and lowest in SRI”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded rice excelled SRI and transplanted rice in weed nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- direct-seeded ricee1
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed nutrient uptakee1
- Direction
- excellede1
- Comparator
- SRI and transplanted ricee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“direct-seeded rice excelled SRI and transplanted rice in weed nutrient uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam recorded the lowest nutrient uptake in weeds among the herbicidal treatments.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- penoxsulame1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- uptake in weedse1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Comparator
- different herbicidal treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“among the different herbicidal treatments, penoxsulam recorded the lowest uptake in weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct-seeded rice showed the maximum percentage of nutrient removal by weeds in nutrient budgeting.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- DSRe1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- percentage of nutrient removal by weedse1
- Direction
- maximume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“Nutrient budgeting demonstrated that DSR showed the maximum percentage of nutrient removal by weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
In nutrient budgeting, the ratio was minimum in transplanted rice (TPR).
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- TPRe1
- Outcome
- ratioe1
- Direction
- minimume1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“and the minimum ratio was in TPR”
Claim · model-written summary
Penoxsulam application gave the lowest rate of nutrients removed via weeds among the weed management measures.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- penoxsulam applicatione1
- Interactor
- weedse1weed
- Outcome
- rate of nutrients removed via weedse1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Comparator
- various weed management measurese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds”
e1“the lowest rate of nutrients removed via weeds were seen in penoxsulam application under various weed management measures”
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