Abstract
Abstract. The shortage of water resources and the decline in soil organic matter (SOM) are critical limiting factors affecting the improvement in rice productivity, while alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation and recycling application of rice straw (S) are considered favorable mitigation measures. However, the impact of such measures on rice yield and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, needs to be further clarified to ensure that agronomic practices save water, conserve soil, and reduce GHG emissions. Therefore, we explored the effects of mild AWD irrigation combined with on-site rice straw recycling on N2O emissions and rice yield through rice pot experiments. This experiment included 2 irrigation methods (continuous flooding (CF) irrigation and mild AWD irrigation), 2 nitrogen (N) application levels (0 and 225 kg N ha−1) and 2 rice straw return levels (0 and 9000 kg ha−1), for a total of 10 treatments, and each treatment had 3 replicates. The 15N-urea and 15N-S were added to the soil. The results showed that N2O emissions were primarily affected by urea application and irrigation methods, with urea application being most important. Compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation increased cumulative N2O emissions, with an average increase of 28.8 %. In addition, adding rice straw to mild AWD irrigation further stimulated N2O emissions by 18.1 %. Under the condition of urea application, compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation increased the yield-scaled N2O emissions by 17.9 %, and the addition of rice straw further promoted the yield-scaled N2O emissions under mild AWD irrigation by 17.4 % but reduced the global warming potential (GWP) (methane (CH4) + N2O) by 62.9 %. Under the condition of urea application, compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation reduced the uptake of soil-derived N and aboveground biomass of rice but did not reduce rice yield. Therefore, mild AWD irrigation combined with rice straw return may be a promising agronomic method to maintain rice yield, reduce GHGs, and protect or improve soil fertility.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Urea application and irrigation methods primarily affected N2O emissions, with urea application most important.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- urea application and irrigation methodse0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N2O emissions were primarily affected by urea application and irrigation methods, with urea application being most important”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild AWD increased cumulative N2O emissions by an average 28.8% over continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mild AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- cumulative N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.8 %e0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation increased cumulative N2O emissions, with an average increase of 28.8 %”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding straw under mild AWD further stimulated N2O emissions by 18.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- adding rice straw to mild AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 18.1 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding rice straw to mild AWD irrigation further stimulated N2O emissions by 18.1 %”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under urea application, mild AWD increased yield-scaled N2O emissions by 17.9% over flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- mild AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yield-scaled N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.9 %e0
- Qualifier
- Under the condition of urea applicatione0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the condition of urea application, compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation increased the yield-scaled N2O emissions by 17.9 %”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding straw under mild AWD increased yield-scaled N2O emissions by 17.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of rice strawe0
- Outcome
- yield-scaled N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 17.4 %e0
- Qualifier
- under mild AWD irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of rice straw further promoted the yield-scaled N2O emissions under mild AWD irrigation by 17.4 %”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding straw under mild AWD reduced global warming potential by 62.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- addition of rice strawe0
- Outcome
- global warming potential (GWP)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62.9 %e0
- Qualifier
- under mild AWD irrigatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of rice straw further promoted the yield-scaled N2O emissions under mild AWD irrigation by 17.4 % but reduced the global warming potential (GWP) (methane (CH4) + N2O) by 62.9 %”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under urea, mild AWD reduced uptake of soil-derived nitrogen compared with flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mild AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- uptake of soil-derived Ne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- Under the condition of urea applicatione0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the condition of urea application, compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation reduced the uptake of soil-derived N and aboveground biomass of rice”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under urea, mild AWD reduced aboveground rice biomass compared with flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mild AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomass of ricee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- Under the condition of urea applicatione0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the condition of urea application, compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation reduced the uptake of soil-derived N and aboveground biomass of rice”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under urea, mild AWD did not reduce rice yield compared with flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mild AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Qualifier
- Under the condition of urea applicatione0
- Comparator
- CF irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under the condition of urea application, compared with CF irrigation, mild AWD irrigation reduced the uptake of soil-derived N and aboveground biomass of rice but did not reduce rice yield”
t0“rice cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest mild AWD with straw return to maintain yield, reduce greenhouse gases and protect soil fertility.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mild AWD irrigation combined with rice straw returne0
- Outcome
- maintain rice yield, reduce GHGs, and protect or improve soil fertilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mild AWD irrigation combined with rice straw return may be a promising agronomic method to maintain rice yield, reduce GHGs, and protect or improve soil fertility”
t0“rice cultivation”
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