Abstract
To reduce the negative effects of deficit irrigation on water and nitrogen (N) use, a pot experiment was conducted over two consecutive years to study the effects of zeolite (Z) on soil-water retention, water consumption, N distribution, and various soil nutrients under alternate wet–dry (AWD) irrigation. The results showed that Z significantly improved field capacity and reduced the number of ineffective tillers, thereby saving 5.8% and 12% water at the tillering and milky ripening stages, respectively. However, it could not offset its enhanced effect on evapotranspiration mainly due to a greater number of effective tillers promoted by Z addition during the jointing–booting and heading–flowering stages, and ultimately significantly increased total water consumption. AWD reduced rice grain yield, but Z significantly increased water and nutrient retention and, thus, increased water productivity by 8.9%. Although AWD increased N content in roots, it reduced total N uptake. Further, Z significantly increased N accumulation in roots and panicles and reduced N content in leaves and stems, thereby enhancing the N harvest index by 2.7%. Soil potassium, sodium, and calcium content significantly increased with Z addition, further affecting rice grain yield. In summary, zeolite increases the drought resistance of rice under AWD irrigation and increases water–nitrogen use efficiency.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite improved soil field capacity.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- field capacitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly improved field capacity and reduced the number of ineffective tillers, thereby saving 5.8% and 12% water at the tillering and milky ripening stages, respectively.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite reduced ineffective tillers.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- number of ineffective tillerse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly improved field capacity and reduced the number of ineffective tillers, thereby saving 5.8% and 12% water at the tillering and milky ripening stages, respectively.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite saved 5.8% water at tillering.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- tilleringe0
- Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 5.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly improved field capacity and reduced the number of ineffective tillers, thereby saving 5.8% and 12% water at the tillering and milky ripening stages, respectively.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite saved 12% water at milky ripening.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- milky ripeninge0
- Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- watere0
- Direction
- savinge0
- Value
- 12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly improved field capacity and reduced the number of ineffective tillers, thereby saving 5.8% and 12% water at the tillering and milky ripening stages, respectively.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite promoted effective tillers during jointing–booting and heading–flowering.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z additione0
- Outcome
- number of effective tillerse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- during the jointing–booting and heading–flowering stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it could not offset its enhanced effect on evapotranspiration mainly due to a greater number of effective tillers promoted by Z addition during the jointing–booting and heading–flowering stages, and ultimately significantly increased total water consumption.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite increased total water consumption.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z additione0
- Outcome
- total water consumptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it could not offset its enhanced effect on evapotranspiration mainly due to a greater number of effective tillers promoted by Z addition during the jointing–booting and heading–flowering stages, and ultimately significantly increased total water consumption.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet–dry irrigation reduced grain yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced rice grain yield, but Z significantly increased water and nutrient retention and, thus, increased water productivity by 8.9%.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite increased water and nutrient retention.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- water and nutrient retentione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced rice grain yield, but Z significantly increased water and nutrient retention and, thus, increased water productivity by 8.9%.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite increased water productivity by 8.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AWD reduced rice grain yield, but Z significantly increased water and nutrient retention and, thus, increased water productivity by 8.9%.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet–dry irrigation increased root nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- N content in rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although AWD increased N content in roots, it reduced total N uptake.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Alternate wet–dry irrigation reduced total nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- total N uptakee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although AWD increased N content in roots, it reduced total N uptake.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite increased nitrogen accumulation in roots and panicles.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- N accumulation in roots and paniclese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly increased N accumulation in roots and panicles and reduced N content in leaves and stems, thereby enhancing the N harvest index by 2.7%.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite reduced nitrogen content in leaves and stems.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ze0
- Outcome
- N content in leaves and stemse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly increased N accumulation in roots and panicles and reduced N content in leaves and stems, thereby enhancing the N harvest index by 2.7%.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite enhanced nitrogen harvest index by 2.7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Z significantly increased N accumulation in roots and panicles and reduced N content in leaves and stems, thereby enhancing the N harvest index by 2.7%.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Zeolite increased soil potassium, sodium and calcium content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Z additione0
- Outcome
- Soil potassium, sodium, and calcium contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil potassium, sodium, and calcium content significantly increased with Z addition, further affecting rice grain yield.”
t0“Paddy Rice”
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