Abstract
Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was formulated in dry granules with tung oil and calcareous loess to facilitate safe handling of the water-sensitive lachrymator. Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days. When the pretreated seeds were washed with water and placed on BITC-free sand in a germination chamber for 15 days, germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory ( Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA), sicklepod ( Cassia obtusifolia L. # CASOB), milo [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘Funks G-522DR’], and red rice ( Oryza sativa L. # ORYSA) seeds; 15 or 16% for velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic. # ABUTH) and johnsongrass [ Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. # SORHA]; and 39% for barnyardgrass [ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. # ECHCG]. Subjecting milo seeds to moist sand medium that contained BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substrate reduced germination of milo by 78, 97, and 100%, respectively. However, BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days prior to sowing seeds had little effect on germination and growth of milo or sicklepod. Thus, BITC-treated soil soon became safe for newly sown seeds, but seeds present in soil when the toxin granules were applied failed to recover from exposure to BITC and deteriorated within 15 days.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Pitted morningglory seeds germinated 0 to 8% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
Claim · model-written summary
Sicklepod seeds germinated 0 to 8% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
e2“sicklepod ( Cassia obtusifolia L. # CASOB)”
Claim · model-written summary
Red rice seeds germinated 0 to 8% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
e2“and red rice ( Oryza sativa L. # ORYSA) seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Milo seeds germinated 0 to 8% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
- Taxon
- milo
Sorghum bicolore5 - Treatment
- granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substratee0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 0 to 8%e1
- Comparator
- untreated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
e5“Subjecting milo seeds to moist sand medium that contained BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substrate reduced germination of milo by 78, 97, and 100%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf seeds germinated 15 or 16% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
- Taxon
- velvetleaf
Abutilon theophrastie2 - Treatment
- granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substratee0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 15 or 16%e2
- Comparator
- untreated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
e2“15 or 16% for velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic. # ABUTH) and johnsongrass [ Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. # SORHA]”
Claim · model-written summary
Johnsongrass seeds germinated 15 or 16% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
- Taxon
- johnsongrass
.jpg?width=60)
Sorghum halepensee2 - Treatment
- granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substratee0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 15 or 16%e2
- Comparator
- untreated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
e2“15 or 16% for velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medic. # ABUTH) and johnsongrass [ Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. # SORHA]”
Claim · model-written summary
Barnyardgrass seeds germinated 39% relative to untreated seeds after pretreatment with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg.
- Taxon
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie6 - Treatment
- granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substratee0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Value
- 39%e6
- Comparator
- untreated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“germination in comparison to untreated seeds was 0 to 8% for pitted morningglory”
e6“39% for barnyardgrass [ Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. # ECHCG]”
Claim · model-written summary
Milo seeds in moist sand with BITC granules at 10, 20 and 40 mg ai/kg had germination reduced by 78%.
- Taxon
- miloSorghum bicolore5
- Treatment
- BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substratee5
- Outcome
- germinatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 78e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Subjecting milo seeds to moist sand medium that contained BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substrate reduced germination of milo by 78, 97, and 100%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Milo seeds in moist sand with BITC granules at 10, 20 and 40 mg ai/kg had germination reduced by 97%.
- Taxon
- miloSorghum bicolore5
- Treatment
- BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substratee5
- Outcome
- germinatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 97e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Subjecting milo seeds to moist sand medium that contained BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substrate reduced germination of milo by 78, 97, and 100%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Milo seeds in moist sand with BITC granules at 40 mg ai/kg had germination reduced by 100%.
- Taxon
- miloSorghum bicolore5
- Treatment
- BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substratee5
- Outcome
- germinatione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 100%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Subjecting milo seeds to moist sand medium that contained BITC granules at 10, 20, and 40 mg ai/kg substrate reduced germination of milo by 78, 97, and 100%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days before sowing had little effect on milo germination and growth.
- Taxon
- miloSorghum bicolore6
- Treatment
- BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days prior to sowing seedse6
- Outcome
- germination and growthe6
- Direction
- little effecte6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days prior to sowing seeds had little effect on germination and growth of milo or sicklepod”
Claim · model-written summary
BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days before sowing had little effect on sicklepod germination and growth.
- Taxon
- sicklepode6
- Treatment
- BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days prior to sowing seedse6
- Outcome
- germination and growthe6
- Direction
- little effecte6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e6“BITC granules applied to the growth medium 2 to 4 days prior to sowing seeds had little effect on germination and growth of milo or sicklepod”
Claim · model-written summary
BITC-treated soil soon became safe for newly sown crop and weed seeds.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“BITC-treated soil soon became safe for newly sown seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds present in soil when BITC granules were applied failed to recover from exposure to BITC.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“seeds present in soil when the toxin granules were applied failed to recover from exposure to BITC and deteriorated within 15 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds present in soil when BITC granules were applied deteriorated within 15 days.
Verbatim
e0“Crop and weed seeds were exposed to granular BITC at 40 mg ai/kg (w/w) substrate on moist sand for 2 days”
e1“seeds present in soil when the toxin granules were applied failed to recover from exposure to BITC and deteriorated within 15 days”
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.