Abstract
Echinochloa crusgalli,Xanthium sibiricum,Aeschynomene indica and Polygonum hydropiper are four common annual species growing in water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir.We found that seeds of these four species could tolerate long-term submergence and germinate successfully after water recession through our field observation,accordingly they could be used as promising species for revegetation and restoration of water-level-fluctuation zone.In this research,we studied the effects of storage condition and duration on the seed germination of the four species in order to find suitable ways to store and germinate them,providing information to restore vegetation by seeds in water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir.To select the best storage condition and time,we conducted storage experiments on seeds of the four species.We chose five different storage conditions,i.e.dry at room temperature,dry at 4 ℃,dry at-18 ℃,dry at room temperature under 10 cm sand layer and wet at room temperature under 10 cm sand layer.Fresh mature seeds of the four species under different storage conditions were stored through 8 different storage time(30,60,90,120,150,180,210,240 d).Seed germination experiments were carried out in an illumination incubator(25 ℃ in day and 20 ℃ at night,light period:12h:12h and 100 μmol·m-·2s-1 day light intensity) and germination duration time was 30 d.The results showed that:(1) Seeds of E.crusgalli,X.sibiricum and P.hydropiper needed less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination index under wet sand storage condition than under other conditions.In wet sand storage,the seed germination percentage of E.crusgalli after storage time of 90—180 d was higher than 80%,that of X.sibiricum after 180 d was(64 ± 2) %,and that of P.hydropiper after 30—240 d all exceeded 90%.(2) For A.indica,freezing storage was effective to break its seed dormancy,increasing its seed germination percentage and germination index.Seed germination percentage of A.indica was higher than 80% after storage time of 90—180 d.(3) In addition,we found that pericarp was one of the most important factors impeding the seed germination of X.sibiricum,while having no significant effects on the seed germination of A.indica.From the results we concluded that the best storage condition for seeds of E.crusgalli,X.sibiricum and P.hydropiper is wet sand storage,while that for A.indica is freezing storage.Under appropriate storage condition,seeds of the four annual species having been stored for 120—180 d had higher germination percentage and shorter time needed to start germination,basing on the operation principle of Three Gorges Reservoir water level,these seeds could be used in field planting in water-level-fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Wet sand storage shortened time to germination and raised germination percentage and index for Echinochloa crusgalli.
- Taxon
- E.crusgalli
Echinochloa crus-gallie0 - Treatment
- wet sand storage conditione0
- Outcome
- less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination indexe0
- Comparator
- other conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of E.crusgalli,X.sibiricum and P.hydropiper needed less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination index under wet sand storage condition than under other conditions.”
e1“Echinochloa crusgalli ”
Claim · model-written summary
Wet sand storage shortened time to germination and raised germination percentage and index for Xanthium sibiricum.
- Taxon
- X.sibiricum
Xanthium sibiricume0 - Treatment
- wet sand storage conditione0
- Outcome
- less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination indexe0
- Comparator
- other conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of E.crusgalli,X.sibiricum and P.hydropiper needed less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination index under wet sand storage condition than under other conditions.”
e1“Xanthium sibiricum ”
Claim · model-written summary
Wet sand storage shortened time to germination and raised germination percentage and index for Polygonum hydropiper.
- Taxon
- P.hydropiper
Persicaria hydropipere0 - Treatment
- wet sand storage conditione0
- Outcome
- less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination indexe0
- Comparator
- other conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeds of E.crusgalli,X.sibiricum and P.hydropiper needed less time to start germination and had a higher seed germination percentage and a higher germination index under wet sand storage condition than under other conditions.”
e1“Polygonum hydropiper ”
Claim · model-written summary
E. crusgalli germination exceeded 80% after 90–180 days of wet sand storage.
- Taxon
- E.crusgalliEchinochloa crus-gallie0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- 90—180 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seed germination percentage of E.crusgalli after storage time of 90—180 d was higher than 80%”
Claim · model-written summary
X. sibiricum germination was 64 ± 2% after 180 days of wet sand storage.
- Taxon
- X.sibiricumXanthium sibiricume0
- Outcome
- that of X.sibiricume0
- Value
- (64 ± 2) %e0
- Qualifier
- 180 de0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of X.sibiricum after 180 d was(64 ± 2) %”
Claim · model-written summary
P. hydropiper germination exceeded 90% after 30–240 days of wet sand storage.
- Taxon
- P.hydropiperPersicaria hydropipere0
- Outcome
- that of P.hydropipere0
- Direction
- exceedede0
- Value
- 90%e0
- Qualifier
- 30—240 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of P.hydropiper after 30—240 d all exceeded 90%”
Claim · model-written summary
Freezing storage broke A. indica seed dormancy and increased germination percentage and index.
- Taxon
- A.indica
Aeschynomene indicae0 - Organ / stage
- seede0
- Treatment
- freezing storagee0
- Outcome
- seed germination percentage and germination indexe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For A.indica,freezing storage was effective to break its seed dormancy,increasing its seed germination percentage and germination index.”
Claim · model-written summary
A. indica seed germination exceeded 80% after 90–180 days of storage.
- Taxon
- A.indicaAeschynomene indicae0
- Outcome
- Seed germination percentagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 80%e0
- Qualifier
- 90—180 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed germination percentage of A.indica was higher than 80% after storage time of 90—180 d.”
Claim · model-written summary
The pericarp impeded X. sibiricum seed germination.
- Taxon
- X.sibiricumXanthium sibiricume0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- impedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pericarp was one of the most important factors impeding the seed germination of X.sibiricum”
Claim · model-written summary
The pericarp had no significant effect on A. indica seed germination.
- Taxon
- A.indicaAeschynomene indicae0
- Treatment
- pericarpe1
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while having no significant effects on the seed germination of A.indica”
e1“pericarp was one of the most important factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Under appropriate storage, seeds stored for 120–180 days had higher germination and shorter time to germinate.
- Taxon
- four annual speciese0
- Outcome
- germination percentage and shorter time needed to start germinatione0
- Qualifier
- 120—180 de0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Under appropriate storage condition,seeds of the four annual species having been stored for 120—180 d had higher germination percentage and shorter time needed to start germination”
The same questions in other papers
storage · growth · Xanthium sibiricumPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
storage · growth · Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →growing medium · growth · Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
growing medium · growth · Xanthium sibiricumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.