Abstract
Relay intercropping soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] into small grain has been suggested as a way to move multiple cropping further north, or as an alternative to conventional doublecropping in the lower Midwest. Our objective was to compare conventional monocrop soybean, grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and forage sorghum with relay intercropping and doublecropping in oat ( Avena sativa L.) or winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Field experiments were conducted from 1982 through 1986 in northeast Nebraska at 42.2° latitude, 97° longitude, further north and west than the usual multiple cropping regions. Skip‐row spacings every fourth drill row were left in the small grain where relay intercrops were later planted in 28‐ or 30‐in. spacings. All doublecropping followed removal of oat or winter wheat for forage, while with relay intercropping, cereals were harvested for grain. Weed control in a relay intercropping system also was investigated. Averaged over the eight location‐years, small grain yields with relay intercropping were reduced 34% compared to solid‐seeded monoculture yield because of wheel traffic damage and the skip‐row spacing effect. Average soybean yield with relay intercropping and doublecropping was 28% of conventional monoculture yield and relay intercropping was never superior to sequential doublecropping. Similar results were found with grain sorghum as relay intercropping and doublecrop yields averaged 15% of conventional grain sorghum. Relay intercrop and doublecrop forage sorghum yielded 37% and 54% of monoculture forage sorghum. Relay intercropping may make it possible at more northern latitudes to harvest cereal crops for grain rather than for forage as is usually done in a double‐crop system, which would be advantageous for cash grain producers. Satisfactory weed control was achieved in the relay intercrop system by applying herbicide on the green wheat or oats plus row banding herbicide at crop planting. Economic analyses indicated that monocrop systems generally provided greater returns than relay intercrop or doublecrop systems. Returns in the doublecrop system were more favorable than with relay intercropping, particularly with the wheat‐forage sorghum crops. Relay intercropping requires that many cultural practices be meshed for successful results.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping reduced small-grain yield by 34% versus solid-seeded monoculture.
Verbatim
e0“small grain yields with relay intercropping were reduced 34% compared to solid‐seeded monoculture yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield in relay and doublecrop systems averaged 28% of conventional monoculture yield.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- relay intercropping and doublecroppinge0
- Outcome
- soybean yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- conventional monoculturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average soybean yield with relay intercropping and doublecropping was 28% of conventional monoculture yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping never outyielded sequential doublecropping for soybean.
Verbatim
e0“relay intercropping was never superior to sequential doublecropping”
t0“Small Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain sorghum relay and doublecrop yields averaged 15% of conventional grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolore0 - Treatment
- relay intercropping and doublecrope0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- conventional grain sorghume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were found with grain sorghum as relay intercropping and doublecrop yields averaged 15% of conventional grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay forage sorghum yielded 37% of monoculture forage sorghum.
Verbatim
e0“Relay intercrop and doublecrop forage sorghum yielded 37% and 54% of monoculture forage sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Doublecrop forage sorghum yielded 54% of monoculture forage sorghum.
Verbatim
e0“Relay intercrop and doublecrop forage sorghum yielded 37% and 54% of monoculture forage sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Relay intercropping could permit grain rather than forage cereal harvest at northern latitudes.
Verbatim
e0“Relay intercropping may make it possible at more northern latitudes to harvest cereal crops for grain rather than for forage as is usually done in a double‐crop system”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide on green wheat or oats plus row banding achieved satisfactory relay-intercrop weed control.
- Taxon
- wheat or oats
Avena sativa
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- applying herbicide on the green wheat or oats plus row banding herbicide at crop plantinge0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- Satisfactorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Satisfactory weed control was achieved in the relay intercrop system by applying herbicide on the green wheat or oats plus row banding herbicide at crop planting”
Claim · model-written summary
Monocrop systems generally returned more than relay or doublecrop systems.
Verbatim
e0“monocrop systems generally provided greater returns than relay intercrop or doublecrop systems”
t0“Small Grains”
Claim · model-written summary
Doublecrop returns exceeded relay returns, especially for wheat–forage sorghum.
Verbatim
e0“Returns in the doublecrop system were more favorable than with relay intercropping, particularly with the wheat‐forage sorghum crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Successful relay intercropping requires coordination of many cultural practices.
Verbatim
e0“Relay intercropping requires that many cultural practices be meshed for successful results”
t0“Small Grains”
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