Abstract
Intercropping soybean ( Glycine max L.) with sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) is common in the semiarid tropics of India. In most intercropping studies, little attention has been paid to belowground interaction and nutrient management other than N while assessing yield advantage. In a 5‐yr field experiment (2000–2004), we evaluated the impact of fertilizer and organic manures on below‐ and aboveground interaction, competitive ability, and economic viability of this intercropping at the Indian Institute of Soil Science, Bhopal for deep Vertisol (isohyperthermic Typic Haplustert) of central India. Above‐ and belowground growth components as well as biological activities were greatly improved in intercropped sorghum while the value of these except nitrate reductase (NR) activity, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were reduced in intercropped soybean indicating interspecies competition between component crops. The increased NR activity, SMBC, and DHA in intercropped soybean revealed interspecies facilitation between the component crops. This showed that interspecies competition concurred with interspecies facilitation in this system. We observed that yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of both the intercrops increased over sole crops though based on aggressivity and relative crowding coefficient (RCC), sorghum (+) is more competitive than soybean. Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system. Soybean did not benefit from intercropping to the same degree as sorghum under N–P–K. Nutrient application influenced LER, RCC, and monetary advantage index and was found in the order of N–P–K plus farmyard manure (FYM) > N–P–K plus poultry manure (PM) > N–P–K plus phosphocompost (PC) > N–P–K > control. However, based on competition ratio, yield advantage was greater under N–P–K plus PM. The results suggest that sorghum is the major contributor to the mixture yield and that the integrated use of N–P–K plus FYM or N–P–K plus PM is an important nutrient management option for sustaining this intercropping system, particularly to benefit the legume component.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Growth components and biological activities were greatly improved in intercropped sorghum
- Treatment
- intercroppede1
- Outcome
- belowground growth components as well as biological activitiese1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“belowground growth components as well as biological activities were greatly improved in intercropped sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth components and biological activities were reduced in intercropped soybean, except NR activity, SMBC and DHA
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe2 - Treatment
- intercroppede2
- Outcome
- the value of thesee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Qualifier
- except nitrate reductase (NR) activity, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA)e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the value of these except nitrate reductase (NR) activity, soil microbial biomass C (SMBC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were reduced in intercropped soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NR activity, SMBC and DHA increased in intercropped soybean, indicating interspecies facilitation
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- intercroppede3
- Outcome
- NR activity, SMBC, and DHAe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- interspecies facilitatione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The increased NR activity, SMBC, and DHA in intercropped soybean revealed interspecies facilitation between the component crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield and land equivalent ratio of both intercrops increased over sole crops
- Taxon
- Soybean/SorghumGlycine max
Sorghumt0 - Treatment
- intercropse4
- Outcome
- yield and land equivalent ratio (LER)e4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- sole cropse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean/Sorghum Intercropping System”
e4“yield and land equivalent ratio (LER) of both the intercrops increased over sole crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Root NR activity was positively associated with yield in intercropped soybean (r = 0.62)
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Organ / stage
- roote5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- r = 0.62e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Root NR activity was positively associated with yield in intercropped sorghum (r = 0.63)
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length density was positively associated with yield in intercropped soybean (r = 0.36)
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Organ / stage
- roote5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- r = 0.36e5
- Qualifier
- root length densitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length density was positively associated with yield in intercropped sorghum (r = 0.33)
- Organ / stage
- roote5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- r = 0.33e5
- Qualifier
- root length densitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
SMBC was positively associated with yield in intercropped soybean (r = 0.71)
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- intercrop soybeane5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- r = 0.71e5
- Qualifier
- SMBCe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
SMBC was positively associated with yield in intercropped sorghum (r = 0.66)
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Interaction of yield with different components indicated that three belowground components, i.e., NR activity in root ( r = 0.62, r = 0.63, P < 0.05), root length density ( r = 0.36, r = 0.33, P < 0.05), and SMBC ( r = 0.71, r = 0.66, P < 0.05) of both intercrop soybean and intercrop sorghum, respectively, had the greater effect on yield advantage in the intercropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean benefited less from intercropping than sorghum under N-P-K
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- N–P–Ke3
- Outcome
- benefit from intercroppinge3
- Direction
- lowerinferrede3
- Comparator
- sorghume3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Soybean did not benefit from intercropping to the same degree as sorghum under N–P–K”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient treatments influenced LER, RCC and monetary advantage index, highest under N-P-K plus farmyard manure
- Taxon
- Soybean/SorghumGlycine maxSorghumt0
- Treatment
- N–P–K plus farmyard manure (FYM)e4
- Outcome
- LER, RCC, and monetary advantage indexe4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean/Sorghum Intercropping System”
e4“Nutrient application influenced LER, RCC, and monetary advantage index and was found in the order of N–P–K plus farmyard manure (FYM) > N–P–K plus poultry manure (PM) > N–P–K plus phosphocompost (PC) > N–P–K > control”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield advantage based on competition ratio was greater under N-P-K plus poultry manure
- Taxon
- Soybean/SorghumGlycine maxSorghumt0
- Treatment
- N–P–K plus PMe5
- Outcome
- yield advantagee5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Qualifier
- based on competition ratioe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean/Sorghum Intercropping System”
e5“However, based on competition ratio, yield advantage was greater under N–P–K plus PM”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum is the major contributor to the mixture yield
- Outcome
- mixture yielde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean/Sorghum Intercropping System”
e6“The results suggest that sorghum is the major contributor to the mixture yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated N-P-K plus FYM or N-P-K plus PM is an important nutrient management option for sustaining the soybean/sorghum intercropping
- Taxon
- Soybean/SorghumGlycine maxSorghumt0
- Outcome
- integrated use of N–P–K plus FYM or N–P–K plus PMe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean/Sorghum Intercropping System”
e7“the integrated use of N–P–K plus FYM or N–P–K plus PM is an important nutrient management option for sustaining this intercropping system, particularly to benefit the legume component”
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