Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the structure of weed infestation of winter wheat grown in different weeding systems: conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and herbicide treatment (HT). In CT system, shallow ploughing and pre-sow ploughing were conducted after the harvest of the previous crop. In RT system, shallow ploughing was replaced by cultivator tillage, whereas pre-sow ploughing by a tillage set. In HT system, shallow ploughing was replaced by spraying with glyphosate and pre-sow ploughing by cultivator tillage. At the tillering stage (22-23 in BBCH scale), species composition and number of weeds/m2 were determined with the botanical-gravimetric method, whereas at the stage of waxy maturity of wheat (82-83 BBCH) analyses were conducted for species composition as well as density, air-dry weight, and weed distribution in crop levels. The Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H’) and degrees of phytosociological constancy (S) of weeds were determined as well. The study showed that more weeds occurred in RT and HT systems than in the CT system and they produced higher biomass in RT than in CT and HT systems. The tillage system affected weed distribution in crop levels. In CT system, the highest weed density was identified in the ground and lower levels, whereas in RT and HT systems in the ground and middle levels. Values of the species diversity index (H’) indicate a similar diversity of weed species composition between weeding systems and more diverse between study years.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage had more weeds than conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- RTe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- CT systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more weeds occurred in RT and HT systems than in the CT system”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatment had more weeds than conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- HTe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- CT systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more weeds occurred in RT and HT systems than in the CT system”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed biomass was higher under reduced tillage than conventional tillage and herbicide treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RTe0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- higher biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CT and HT systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more weeds occurred in RT and HT systems than in the CT system and they produced higher biomass in RT than in CT and HT systems”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under conventional tillage, weed density was highest in ground and lower crop levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CT systeme0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- ground and lower levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In CT system, the highest weed density was identified in the ground and lower levels”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under reduced tillage and herbicide treatment, weed density was highest in ground and middle crop levels.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- RT and HT systemse0
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- ground and middle levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas in RT and HT systems in the ground and middle levels”
e1“the highest weed density was identified”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed species diversity was similar across weeding systems.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- diversity of weed species compositione0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar diversity of weed species composition between weeding systems”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed species diversity varied more between study years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- weede1weed
- Outcome
- weed species compositione1
- Direction
- more diversee0
- Comparator
- study yearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more diverse between study years”
e1“diversity of weed species composition between weeding systems”
t0“winter wheat”
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