Abstract
Dry direct-seeded rice (DDSR) is gaining attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional transplanted rice, addressing critical issues like water scarcity, labour shortage, and high production costs. However, heavy weed infestation poses a major limitation, significantly reducing yields. To evaluate optimal weed management and seeding rates, a field study was conducted during 2021 and 2022 at ICAR-Directorate of Weed Research, Jabalpur, India. The experiment tested four seed rates (30, 40, 50, and 100 kg ha -1 ) and four weed management practices {pendimethalin 38.7% CS at 678 g a.i. ha -1 [2 days after sowing (DAS) as pre-emergence (PE)] followed by ( fb ) bispyribac-sodium 10% SC at 25 g a.i. ha -1 [20 DAS, as post-emergence (PoE)], pretilachlor 30% + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.75% WG 615 g a.i. ha -1 (PE) fb cyhalofop-butyl 5.1% + penoxsulam 1.02% OD 135 g a.i. ha -1 (PoE), pretilachlor 30% + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl 0.75% WG 615 g a.i. ha -1 (PE) fb hand weeding at 30 DAS and weedy check} on weed control, crop productivity and profitability. Results revealed that a seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 significantly suppressed weeds by 27.3–33.2% due to higher plant density. Interestingly, the lowest seed rate (30 kg ha -1 ) led to better crop growth parameters, such as biomass, leaf area, and grain characteristics. Despite this, the highest grain yield (4641–5691 kg ha -1 ) and profitability (693–882 USD ha -1 ) were achieved at a moderate seed rate of 40 kg ha -1 . Among weed management practices, the combination of pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam proved most effective, with 90.8–96.7% weed control efficiency, enhanced crop growth and grain yield (4612–5494 kg ha -1 ), and returns of 829–1089 USD ha -1 . In conclusion, seeding at 40 kg ha -1 coupled with integrated herbicide application is the most effective strategy for maximizing weed suppression, crop productivity, and economic returns in DDSR systems.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
A 100 kg ha -1 seed rate suppressed weeds by 27.3–33.2%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 100 kg ha -1e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 27.3–33.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results revealed that a seed rate of 100 kg ha -1 significantly suppressed weeds by 27.3–33.2% due to higher plant density.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
A 30 kg ha -1 seed rate improved biomass, leaf area and grain characteristics.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 30 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- biomass, leaf area, and grain characteristicse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interestingly, the lowest seed rate (30 kg ha -1 ) led to better crop growth parameters, such as biomass, leaf area, and grain characteristics.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
A 40 kg ha -1 seed rate gave the highest grain yield of 4641–5691 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 40 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4641–5691 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite this, the highest grain yield (4641–5691 kg ha -1 ) and profitability (693–882 USD ha -1 ) were achieved at a moderate seed rate of 40 kg ha -1 .”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
A 40 kg ha -1 seed rate gave the highest profitability of 693–882 USD ha -1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 40 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- profitabilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 693–882 USD ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite this, the highest grain yield (4641–5691 kg ha -1 ) and profitability (693–882 USD ha -1 ) were achieved at a moderate seed rate of 40 kg ha -1 .”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The specified herbicide combination achieved 90.8–96.7% weed control efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulame0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficiencye0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- 90.8–96.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among weed management practices, the combination of pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam proved most effective, with 90.8–96.7% weed control efficiency, enhanced crop growth and grain yield (4612–5494 kg ha -1 ), and returns of 829–1089 USD ha -1 .”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide combination enhanced crop growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulame0
- Outcome
- crop growthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among weed management practices, the combination of pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam proved most effective, with 90.8–96.7% weed control efficiency, enhanced crop growth and grain yield (4612–5494 kg ha -1 ), and returns of 829–1089 USD ha -1 .”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide combination enhanced grain yield to 4612–5494 kg ha -1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulame0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 4612–5494 kg ha -1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among weed management practices, the combination of pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam proved most effective, with 90.8–96.7% weed control efficiency, enhanced crop growth and grain yield (4612–5494 kg ha -1 ), and returns of 829–1089 USD ha -1 .”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide combination produced returns of 829–1089 USD ha -1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulame0
- Outcome
- returnse0
- Value
- 829–1089 USD ha -1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among weed management practices, the combination of pretilachlor + pyrazosulfuron-ethyl fb cyhalofop-butyl + penoxsulam proved most effective, with 90.8–96.7% weed control efficiency, enhanced crop growth and grain yield (4612–5494 kg ha -1 ), and returns of 829–1089 USD ha -1 .”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 40 kg ha -1 seeding with integrated herbicide application to maximize weed suppression, productivity and returns.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- seeding at 40 kg ha -1 coupled with integrated herbicide applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seeding at 40 kg ha -1 coupled with integrated herbicide application is the most effective strategy for maximizing weed suppression, crop productivity, and economic returns in DDSR systems”
t0“rice”
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See all 22 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.