Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nowadays, climate change has intensified environmental stresses, including salinity and drought stress. Salinity and drought significantly impair crop growth and yield by affecting physiological and biochemical processes. One of the ways to enhance environmental stress tolerance in plants is to improve their symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms. This study investigates the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma harzianum (accession number: PV544806) inoculation on maize to trace the activated pathways under stress conditions. Maize plants were exposed to different stress conditions: salinity (S1D0), drought (S0D1), and a combination of both salinity and drought (S1D1). They received treatments with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (M1T0), Trichoderma (M0T1), and a combination of both (M1T1). RESULTS: Inoculation of maize plants with AMF and T. harzianum markedly enhanced root dry weight, root volume, and total biomass under stress conditions. Additionally, the simultaneous inoculation of AMF and T. harzianum under combined salinity and drought conditions significantly affected traits such as dry weight of aerial parts, total biomass, and root colonization percentage compared to the non-inoculated control. Physiologically, the results also indicated that the inoculation significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and APX. Results from GC-MS analysis and metabolic pathway analysis showed that the combined inoculation of AMF and Trichoderma in maize plants stimulated the production of specific secondary metabolites such as oxaloacetate, Δ1-piperidine-6-carboxylate, and cadaverine under stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study's findings, the use of AMF and T. harzianum can enhance maize growth and performance under salinity and drought stress by stimulating the production of secondary metabolites.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and T. harzianum inoculation enhanced root dry weight, root volume and total biomass of maize under stress.
- Treatment
- Inoculation of maize plants with AMF and T. harzianume1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume1symbiont - Outcome
- root dry weight, root volume, and total biomasse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- under stress conditionse1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Inoculation of maize plants with AMF and T. harzianum markedly enhanced root dry weight, root volume, and total biomass under stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous AMF and T. harzianum inoculation under combined salinity and drought significantly affected aerial dry weight, total biomass and root colonization compared with non-inoculated control.
- Treatment
- simultaneous inoculation of AMF and T. harzianum under combined salinity and drought conditionse2
- Interactor
- AMFe2symbiont
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume2symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weight of aerial parts, total biomass, and root colonization percentagee2
- Comparator
- non-inoculated controle2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigates the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma harzianum (accession number: PV544806) inoculation on maize to trace the activated pathways under stress conditions”
e2“the simultaneous inoculation of AMF and T. harzianum under combined salinity and drought conditions significantly affected traits such as dry weight of aerial parts, total biomass, and root colonization percentage compared to the non-inoculated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with AMF and Trichoderma significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and APX in maize.
- Treatment
- inoculatione3
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0symbiont
- Gene
- SOD and APXe3
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study investigates the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma harzianum (accession number: PV544806) inoculation on maize to trace the activated pathways under stress conditions”
e3“the inoculation significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and APX”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined AMF and Trichoderma inoculation stimulated production of oxaloacetate, Δ1-piperidine-6-carboxylate and cadaverine in maize under stress.
- Treatment
- combined inoculation of AMF and Trichodermae4
- Interactor
- AMFe4symbiont
- Second interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae4symbiont
- Outcome
- production of specific secondary metabolites such as oxaloacetate, Δ1-piperidine-6-carboxylate, and cadaverinee4
- Direction
- stimulatede4
- Qualifier
- under stress conditionse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the combined inoculation of AMF and Trichoderma in maize plants stimulated the production of specific secondary metabolites such as oxaloacetate, Δ1-piperidine-6-carboxylate, and cadaverine under stress conditions”
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