Abstract
Antimony (Sb) contamination threatens food security by lowering crop yields, reducing nutritional quality, and harming agroecosystems, underscoring the need for sustainable and eco-friendly strategies to alleviate heavy metal stress. Here arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) role to mitigate Sb-induced stress in maize, was examined. AMF-inoculated and non-inoculated plants were grown under control and Sb stress conditions for 10 weeks, and growth, nutrient uptake, metabolic profiles, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity were assessed. Sb exposure markedly suppressed maize performance, reducing fresh and dry biomass by 66% and 65%, respectively, while also impairing the growth-promoting effects commonly associated with AMF. However, AMF inoculation significantly alleviated Sb toxicity, enhancing fresh biomass by 43% and dry biomass by 40%. The recovery was linked to improved nutrient uptake and the accumulation of primary metabolites, which promoted physiological adjustments. Moreover, AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stress showed enriched bioactive metabolites, leading to stronger antimicrobial activity and a 65% increase in antioxidant capacity. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AMF enhance maize resilience to Sb stress by promoting growth, nutritional quality, and bioactive properties. This study demonstrates that AMF offer a sustainable strategy to enhance crop resilience and biofortification in contaminated environments.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sb exposure reduced maize fresh biomass by 66% relative to control.
- Treatment
- Sb exposuree1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- reducinge1
- Value
- 66%e1
- Qualifier
- freshe1
- Comparator
- controle2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sb exposure markedly suppressed maize performance, reducing fresh and dry biomass by 66% and 65%, respectively, while also impairing the growth-promoting effects commonly associated with AMF”
e2“non-inoculated plants were grown under control and Sb stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Sb exposure reduced maize dry biomass by 65% relative to control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sb exposure markedly suppressed maize performance, reducing fresh and dry biomass by 66% and 65%, respectively, while also impairing the growth-promoting effects commonly associated with AMF”
e2“non-inoculated plants were grown under control and Sb stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Sb exposure impaired the growth-promoting effects commonly associated with AMF in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sb exposure markedly suppressed maize performance, reducing fresh and dry biomass by 66% and 65%, respectively, while also impairing the growth-promoting effects commonly associated with AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Sb stress, AMF inoculation increased maize fresh biomass by 43% relative to non-inoculated plants.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- fresh biomasse3
- Direction
- enhancinge3
- Value
- 43%e3
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“However, AMF inoculation significantly alleviated Sb toxicity, enhancing fresh biomass by 43% and dry biomass by 40%”
e2“non-inoculated plants were grown under control and Sb stress conditions”
e1“Sb exposure markedly suppressed maize performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Under Sb stress, AMF inoculation increased maize dry biomass by 40% relative to non-inoculated plants.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- dry biomasse3
- Direction
- enhancinge3
- Value
- 40%e3
- Comparator
- non-inoculated plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“However, AMF inoculation significantly alleviated Sb toxicity, enhancing fresh biomass by 43% and dry biomass by 40%”
e2“non-inoculated plants were grown under control and Sb stress conditions”
e1“Sb exposure markedly suppressed maize performance”
Claim · model-written summary
The recovery of maize under Sb stress is linked to improved nutrient uptake and accumulation of primary metabolites (author interpretation).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The recovery was linked to improved nutrient uptake and the accumulation of primary metabolites”
t0“Enhancing Maize Grain Yield Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF-inoculated maize under Sb stress showed enriched bioactive metabolites.
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stresse5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- bioactive metabolitese5
- Direction
- enrichede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Moreover, AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stress showed enriched bioactive metabolites, leading to stronger antimicrobial activity and a 65% increase in antioxidant capacity”
t0“Enhancing Maize Grain Yield Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF-inoculated maize under Sb stress showed stronger antimicrobial activity.
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stresse5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- antimicrobial activitye5
- Direction
- strongere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Moreover, AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stress showed enriched bioactive metabolites, leading to stronger antimicrobial activity and a 65% increase in antioxidant capacity”
t0“Enhancing Maize Grain Yield Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation under Sb stress increased maize antioxidant capacity by 65%.
- Treatment
- AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stresse5
- Interactor
- AMFe5symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacitye5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 65%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Moreover, AMF-inoculated plants under Sb stress showed enriched bioactive metabolites, leading to stronger antimicrobial activity and a 65% increase in antioxidant capacity”
t0“Enhancing Maize Grain Yield Quality”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF offer a sustainable strategy to enhance crop resilience and biofortification in contaminated environments (author recommendation).
- Interactor
- AMFe6symbiont
- Outcome
- sustainable strategy to enhance crop resilience and biofortificatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“This study demonstrates that AMF offer a sustainable strategy to enhance crop resilience and biofortification in contaminated environments”
t0“Enhancing Maize Grain Yield Quality”
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