Abstract
Sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) varieties carrying the sh2 gene are in high demand, but such varieties have poor stress tolerance, especially during plant establishment. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain 1295-22 is a biocontrol fungus developed to provide season-long colonization of crop roots. It has the potential to reduce root rot and increase root growth. In the absence of detectable disease, colonization by Trichoderma increased root and shoot growth by an average of 66%. The enhancement was not uniform among the plants. Low- and intermediate-vigor plants were larger in the presence of Trichoderma , but high-vigor plants were not further enhanced by the fungus. Seeds that were subjected to oxidative stress with 0.05% NaOCI had much-reduced vigor; subsequent treatment with Trichoderma fully restored vigor. This result indicates that the damage caused by hypochlorite is specifically repaired by Trichoderma. Treatment of imbibed but unemerged seeds with cold (5/10 °C night/day) for varying periods reduced subsequent growth. Plants with Trichoderma -colonized roots were 70% larger at all durations of cold treatment. The absence of interation indicates the growth reduction due to cold and the growth enhancement due to Trichoderma are by different mechanisms. Allelopathic reduction in root growth by rye was mimicked by applying benzoxazolinone to the soil. Trichoderma -colonized roots grew faster, but the characteristic shortening of the radicle still occurred. There was no interaction between Trichoderma and allelopathy, indicating that these two treatments affect growth by independent mechanisms. The different ways that growth was enhanced by Trichoderma lead us to propose that this fungus acts, in part, by reversing injurious oxidation of lipids and membrane proteins. Root growth is markedly enhanced by colonization with Trichoderma harzianum. This enhancement can restore some stress-induced growth reduction and may directly reverse oxidative injury.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma colonization increased sweet corn root and shoot growth by an average of 66% without detectable disease.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Treatment
- colonization by Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0symbiont - Outcome
- root and shoot growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the absence of detectable disease, colonization by Trichoderma increased root and shoot growth by an average of 66%.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma increased growth of low- and intermediate-vigor plants.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Material
- Low- and intermediate-vigor plantse0
- Treatment
- presence of Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- largere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low- and intermediate-vigor plants were larger in the presence of Trichoderma”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
High-vigor plants were not further enhanced by Trichoderma.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Material
- high-vigor plantse0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22t0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22Trichoderma harzianumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- not further enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high-vigor plants were not further enhanced by the fungus.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidative stress from 0.05% NaOCI reduced seed vigor.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Seeds that were subjected to oxidative stress with 0.05% NaOCI had much-reduced vigor”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsequent Trichoderma treatment fully restored vigor of oxidatively stressed seeds.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Treatment
- treatment with Trichodermae0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- vigore0
- Direction
- fully restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subsequent treatment with Trichoderma fully restored vigor.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold treatment of imbibed unemerged seeds reduced later growth.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Organ / stage
- imbibed but unemerged seedse0
- Treatment
- cold (5/10 °C night/day)e0
- Outcome
- subsequent growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of imbibed but unemerged seeds with cold (5/10 °C night/day) for varying periods reduced subsequent growth.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-colonized plants were 70% larger across all cold-treatment durations.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma -colonized rootse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- Plantse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Value
- 70%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants with Trichoderma -colonized roots were 70% larger at all durations of cold treatment.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye allelopathy reduced sweet corn root growth.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Treatment
- ryee0
- Interactor
- rye
Secale cerealee0weed - Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allelopathic reduction in root growth by rye was mimicked by applying benzoxazolinone to the soil.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoxazolinone application mimicked rye-induced reduction of root growth.
Verbatim
e0“Allelopathic reduction in root growth by rye was mimicked by applying benzoxazolinone to the soil.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-colonized roots grew faster under allelopathic treatment.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma -colonized rootse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- rootse0
- Direction
- fastere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma -colonized roots grew faster, but the characteristic shortening of the radicle still occurred.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Radicle shortening persisted in Trichoderma-colonized roots.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma -colonized rootse0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- shortening of the radiclee0
- Direction
- shorteninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma -colonized roots grew faster, but the characteristic shortening of the radicle still occurred.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma and allelopathy showed no interaction in growth response.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0symbiont
- Outcome
- interaction between Trichoderma and allelopathye0
- Direction
- no interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no interaction between Trichoderma and allelopathy”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Trichoderma partly reverses oxidative injury to lipids and membrane proteins.
- Taxon
- Sweet Cornt0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22Trichoderma harzianumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- reversing injurious oxidation of lipids and membrane proteinse0
- Qualifier
- in parte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this fungus acts, in part, by reversing injurious oxidation of lipids and membrane proteins.”
t0“Growth Enhancement of shrunken-2 (sh2) Sweet Corn by Trichoderma harzianum 1295-22: Effect of Environmental Stress”
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