Abstract
Abstract Plants in nutrient‐deficient soils often benefit when colonized by vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF). Plants vary, however, in responsiveness or mycorrhizal dependency (MD). The objective of this work was to evaluate MD within corn and soybean cultivars. Three improved and three unimproved corn ( Zea mays L.) and three improved and two unimproved soybean [ Glycine soja Siebold & Zucc. and Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars were evaluated for growth response, nutrient uptake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn), and root phosphatase activity. Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation in a Iow‐P soil. The VAMF colonization of roots with inoculation ranged from 62 to 87% for soybean and 49 to 68% for corn. Soybean had a higher MD than corn, but considerable variation occurred within soybean cultivars. Relative growth of the two unimproved soybean cultivars was significantly greater with VAMF colonization than without (Soja, >1900%; Mandarin, >400%). Among improved cultivars, relative growth was less enhanced with colonization (BSR 201, Richland, and Swift cultivars averaged ≈ 200% greater growth with VAMF than without VAMF colonization). An unimproved corn cultivar, Reid Yellow Dent, was unresponsive to mycorrhizal colonization, whereas another unimproved cultivar, Argentine Pop, increased growth 400% with colonization. Total uptakes of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn were significantly greater ( P < 0.001) in mycorrhizal plants, but the concentrations (mg g −1 ) of N, Mg, and Ca were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal plants. These results suggest that considerable variability exists in MD of corn and soybean cultivars when grown in P‐deficient soils, and the variability extends across both improved and unimproved cultivars.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean roots reached 62 to 87% VAMF colonization with inoculation in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Interactor
- VAMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- VAMF colonization of rootse1
- Value
- 62 to 87%e1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The VAMF colonization of roots with inoculation ranged from 62 to 87% for soybean and 49 to 68% for corn”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn roots reached 49 to 68% VAMF colonization with inoculation in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- inoculatione1
- Interactor
- VAMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- VAMF colonization of rootse1
- Value
- 49 to 68%e1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The VAMF colonization of roots with inoculation ranged from 62 to 87% for soybean and 49 to 68% for corn”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean had a higher mycorrhizal dependency than corn.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- MDe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- corne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybean had a higher MD than corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency varied considerably among soybean cultivars.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- considerable variatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“considerable variation occurred within soybean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative growth of the unimproved soybean cultivar Soja was significantly greater with VAMF colonization than without.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- Sojae1
- Treatment
- VAMF colonizatione1
- Interactor
- VAMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- Relative growthe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- >1900%e1
- Comparator
- withoute1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative growth of the two unimproved soybean cultivars was significantly greater with VAMF colonization than without (Soja, >1900%”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative growth of the unimproved soybean cultivar Mandarin was significantly greater with VAMF colonization than without.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- Mandarine1
- Treatment
- VAMF colonizatione1
- Interactor
- VAMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- Relative growthe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- >400%e1
- Comparator
- withoute1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative growth of the two unimproved soybean cultivars was significantly greater with VAMF colonization than without (Soja, >1900%; Mandarin, >400%”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved soybean cultivars BSR 201, Richland and Swift averaged about 200% greater relative growth with VAMF than without.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Material
- BSR 201, Richland, and Swifte1
- Treatment
- VAMF colonizatione1
- Interactor
- VAMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- relative growthe2
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- ≈ 200%e1
- Comparator
- without VAMF colonizatione1
- Setting
- Greenhousee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“BSR 201, Richland, and Swift cultivars averaged ≈ 200% greater growth with VAMF than without VAMF colonization”
e2“Among improved cultivars, relative growth was less enhanced with colonization”
e3“three improved and two unimproved soybean”
e4“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Among improved corn and soybean cultivars, relative growth was less enhanced by colonization.
- Taxon
- Corn and SoybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- colonizatione2
- Outcome
- relative growthe2
- Direction
- less enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Among improved cultivars, relative growth was less enhanced with colonization”
e3“Improved and Unimproved Corn and Soybean Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Reid Yellow Dent, an unimproved corn cultivar, showed no growth response to mycorrhizal colonization in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Material
- Reid Yellow Dente1
- Treatment
- mycorrhizal colonizatione1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An unimproved corn cultivar, Reid Yellow Dent, was unresponsive to mycorrhizal colonization, whereas another unimproved cultivar, Argentine Pop, increased growth 400% with colonization”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Argentine Pop, an unimproved corn cultivar, increased growth 400% with colonization.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Material
- Argentine Pope1
- Treatment
- colonizatione1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 400%e1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“An unimproved corn cultivar, Reid Yellow Dent, was unresponsive to mycorrhizal colonization, whereas another unimproved cultivar, Argentine Pop, increased growth 400% with colonization”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Total uptake of N, P and K was significantly greater in VAMF-colonized plants than in non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Corn and SoybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- VAMFe2
- Interactor
- VAMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- Total uptakes of N, P, Ke1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- P < 0.001e1
- Comparator
- without inoculatione2
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Total uptakes of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn were significantly greater ( P < 0.001) in mycorrhizal plants”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
e3“Improved and Unimproved Corn and Soybean Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Total uptake of Ca, Mg and Zn was significantly greater in VAMF-colonized plants than in non-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- Corn and SoybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- VAMFe2
- Interactor
- VAMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, and Zne1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- P < 0.001e1
- Comparator
- without inoculatione2
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Total uptakes of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn were significantly greater ( P < 0.001) in mycorrhizal plants”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
e3“Improved and Unimproved Corn and Soybean Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrations of N, Mg and Ca were lower in VAMF-colonized plants than in nonmycorrhizal plants.
- Taxon
- Corn and SoybeanGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Treatment
- VAMFe2
- Interactor
- VAMFe2symbiont
- Outcome
- concentrations (mg g −1 ) of N, Mg, and Cae1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- nonmycorrhizal plantse1
- Setting
- Greenhousee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the concentrations (mg g −1 ) of N, Mg, and Ca were lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal plants”
e2“Greenhouse studies were conducted with VAMF ( Gigaspora margarita or Glomus intraradices ) and without inoculation”
e3“Improved and Unimproved Corn and Soybean Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency varies considerably among corn and soybean cultivars, across both improved and unimproved cultivars, in low-P soil.
- Taxon
- corn and soybean cultivarsGlycine maxZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Outcome
- MDe1
- Qualifier
- extends across both improved and unimproved cultivarse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“considerable variability exists in MD of corn and soybean cultivars”
e2“the variability extends across both improved and unimproved cultivars”
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