Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of biochar, enriched by compost and chemical fertilizers (Nitrogen, Phopsphorus and Potassium), on soil properties and the agro morphological characteristics of durum wheat. To achieve this objective, various soil treatments were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria. The experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were as follows:control soil, soil amended with 1 kg of biochar enriched by fertilizer, soil amended with 2 kg of biochar enriched by fertilizer, soil treated with 1 kg of biochar enriched by fertilizer and compost, soil amended with chemical fertilizer alone, and soil amended with compost alone. At the end of the study, various physical and chemical properties of the soil were analyzed, and the agro morphological characteristics of the wheat were monitored, including tillering, leaf area, relative water content, and crop yield after harvest. The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties. It notably increased the soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen content, neutralized the soil pH, it increased water-holding capacity and enhanced mineral content. In terms of the wheat crop’s agro morphological characteristics, the same treatment led to increased plant height, leaf area, neck length, and relative water content. It also recorded the highest yield, with 45 quintals per hectare (Q ha −1 )) of wheat. The treatment with 2 kg of biochar enriched by chimical fertilizer came in second, yielding 35.66 Q ha −1 ). Overall, the study demonstrated that the combination of biochar with compost and chemical fertilizers had the most significant positive impact on the growth and yield of durum wheat.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer and compost increased soil organic carbon and nitrogen content relative to control soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen contente2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- control soile3
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e2“It notably increased the soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen content, neutralized the soil pH, it increased water-holding capacity and enhanced mineral content”
e3“The treatments were as follows:control soil”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer and compost neutralized soil pH relative to control soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- soil pHe2
- Direction
- neutralizede2
- Comparator
- control soile3
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e2“It notably increased the soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen content, neutralized the soil pH, it increased water-holding capacity and enhanced mineral content”
e3“The treatments were as follows:control soil”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer and compost increased soil water-holding capacity relative to control soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- water-holding capacitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- control soile3
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e2“It notably increased the soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen content, neutralized the soil pH, it increased water-holding capacity and enhanced mineral content”
e3“The treatments were as follows:control soil”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer and compost enhanced soil mineral content relative to control soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- mineral contente2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- control soile3
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e2“It notably increased the soil orgnic carbon and nitrogen content, neutralized the soil pH, it increased water-holding capacity and enhanced mineral content”
e3“The treatments were as follows:control soil”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
Claim · model-written summary
The biochar, fertilizer and compost treatment increased plant height, leaf area and neck length of durum wheat relative to control soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf area, neck lengthe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- control soile3
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e3“The treatments were as follows:control soil”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
e5“the same treatment led to increased plant height, leaf area, neck length, and relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
The biochar, fertilizer and compost treatment increased relative water content of durum wheat relative to control soil.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- relative water contente5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- control soile3
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e3“The treatments were as follows:control soil”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
e5“the same treatment led to increased plant height, leaf area, neck length, and relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
The biochar, fertilizer and compost treatment gave the highest durum wheat yield (45 quintals per hectare).
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and composte1
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 45 quintals per hectare (Q ha −1 )e6
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e1“The results showed that soil enriched with biochar, fertilizer, and compost improved soil properties”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
e6“It also recorded the highest yield, with 45 quintals per hectare (Q ha −1 )) of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enriched with 2 kg of chemical fertilizer came in second for durum wheat yield (35.66 Q/ha).
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- 2 kg of biochar enriched by chimical fertilizere7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- came in seconde7
- Value
- 35.66 Q ha −1e7
- Setting
- agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeriae4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“durum wheat production”
e4“were applied in agricultural fields at Skikda University in Algeria”
e7“The treatment with 2 kg of biochar enriched by chimical fertilizer came in second, yielding 35.66 Q ha −1 )”
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8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.