Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is commonly grown in mediterranean conditions, where temperature stress during grain filling can limit productivity. This study was conducted to assess the effect of optimal and too high temperature during grain filling on the patterns of accumulation of dry matter and N of durum wheat plants grown at different levels of N fertilization. Two durum wheat varieties, Appio and Creso, were grown in controlled environment conditions and in pots with three rates of nitrogen fertilizer (not applied, normal amount, and high amount) and two air temperature regimes during grain filling (20/15 °C and 28/23 °C day/night). Results showed that the duration of the intervals between the main maturity stages within grain filling were both genotype-specific and temperature- dependent, while N rate did not modify the timing of grain development. The two genotypes responded to temperature by increasing the rate of development, but the thermal timing of development was unchanged with the two temperature regimes. The higher temperature reduced grain growth and increased N accumulation in grain. However, these effects were recorded only in fertilized plants. Nitrogen availability modified the growth of the plant during the whole cycle, in that increased N fertilizer at seeding resulted in a greater plant size at anthesis and in a greater accumulation rate of dry matter and N in grain during grain filling. Grain yield and kernel weight were better expressed at 20/15 °C, while grain protein concentration was favoured under the 28/23 °C temperature regime. Nitrogen fertilization increased the sensitivity of plants to high temperature. Thus, the role of N fertilization under heat stress may be more important than under optimal temperatures.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Maturity-stage interval duration during grain filling depended on genotype and temperature.
- Taxon
- Durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durume0 - Material
- genotypee1
- Outcome
- duration of the intervals between the main maturity stagese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“the duration of the intervals between the main maturity stages within grain filling were both genotype-specific and temperature- dependent”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen rate did not modify grain-development timing.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- N ratee1
- Outcome
- timing of grain developmente1
- Direction
- did not modifye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“N rate did not modify the timing of grain development.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature increased the development rate of both genotypes.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- temperaturee1
- Outcome
- rate of developmente1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“The two genotypes responded to temperature by increasing the rate of development”
Claim · model-written summary
Thermal timing of development was unchanged across temperature regimes.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- two temperature regimese1
- Outcome
- thermal timing of developmente1
- Direction
- unchangede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“the thermal timing of development was unchanged with the two temperature regimes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature reduced grain growth in fertilized plants.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee1
- Outcome
- grain growthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- only in fertilized plantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“The higher temperature reduced grain growth and increased N accumulation in grain. However, these effects were recorded only in fertilized plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher temperature increased grain nitrogen accumulation only in fertilized plants.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- higher temperaturee1
- Outcome
- N accumulation in graine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- only in fertilized plantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“The higher temperature reduced grain growth and increased N accumulation in grain. However, these effects were recorded only in fertilized plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer at seeding increased plant size at anthesis.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- increased N fertilizer at seedinge1
- Outcome
- plant size at anthesise1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“increased N fertilizer at seeding resulted in a greater plant size at anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer increased grain-filling dry-matter accumulation rate.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- increased N fertilizer at seedinge1
- Outcome
- accumulation rate of dry mattere1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“increased N fertilizer at seeding resulted in a greater plant size at anthesis and in a greater accumulation rate of dry matter and N in grain during grain filling.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer increased grain-filling nitrogen accumulation rate.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- increased N fertilizer at seedinge1
- Outcome
- accumulation rate of dry matter and N in graine1
- Direction
- greatere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“increased N fertilizer at seeding resulted in a greater plant size at anthesis and in a greater accumulation rate of dry matter and N in grain during grain filling.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was better at 20/15 °C.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- 20/15 °Ce1
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- better expressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“Grain yield and kernel weight were better expressed at 20/15 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel weight was better at 20/15 °C.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- 20/15 °Ce1
- Outcome
- kernel weighte1
- Direction
- better expressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“Grain yield and kernel weight were better expressed at 20/15 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein concentration was favored at 28/23 °C.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- 28/23 °C temperature regimee1
- Outcome
- grain protein concentratione1
- Direction
- favourede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“grain protein concentration was favoured under the 28/23 °C temperature regime.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased sensitivity to high temperature.
- Taxon
- Durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- sensitivity of plants to high temperaturee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)”
e1“Nitrogen fertilization increased the sensitivity of plants to high temperature.”
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