Abstract
Cadmium is toxic to humans. Because it enters the food chain through plant uptake, application of phosphorus fertilizer carrying Cd as an impurity may increase the Cd concentration of cereal grains above proposed threshold values. Field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of two phosphorus fertilizers on Cd concentration of two durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars, a low Cd accumulator (Arcola) and a high accumulator (Kyle) grown in two soils of southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Phosphorus was applied as monoammonium phosphate (15 mg Cd kg -1 ) and as triple superphosphate (75 mg Cd kg -1 ) at a rate of 18 kg P ha -1 . The fertilizer was applied in a mid-row band or in the seed row. Nitrogen was applied as urea or as ammonium sulphate. Variability in Cd concentration was at tributed primarily to genotype and environment, which accounted for 41% and 29% of the explained variability, respectively. The Cd concentration of Arcola averaged 80 µg kg -1 , while that of Kyle averaged 143 µg kg -1 . In contrast, fertilization accounted for only a small proportion of the explained variability, with phosphorus treatments accounting for 3% of the model sums of squares, and N sources accounting for less than 1%. Phosphorus fertilization increased the Cd concentration of Arcola, regardless of source or placement, but the proportion of samples with Cd concentration above 100 µg kg -1 remained unchanged at 17%. In the case of Kyle the Cd concentration increased only when the fertilizer was seed-placed, but in this case the proportion of samples with Cd concentration above 100 µg kg -1 increased from 67 to 90%. The effect of P appeared to result from the effects of fertilizer on plant density and vigour rather than from Cd impurities in the fertilizer. Key words: Cadmium concentration, cadmium uptake, durum wheat, fertilization, phosphorus, fertilizer placement, phosphorus source
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype accounted for 41% of explained variation in durum wheat grain Cd.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Material
- genotypee0
- Outcome
- explained variabilitye0
- Value
- 41%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genotype and environment, which accounted for 41% and 29% of the explained variability, respectively”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Environment accounted for 29% of explained variation in durum wheat grain Cd.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- explained variabilitye0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Setting
- environmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genotype and environment, which accounted for 41% and 29% of the explained variability, respectively”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Arcola grain averaged 80 µg kg -1 Cd.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Arcolae0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Value
- 80 µg kg -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd concentration of Arcola averaged 80 µg kg -1”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Kyle grain averaged 143 µg kg -1 Cd.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Kylee0
- Outcome
- that of Kylee0
- Value
- 143 µg kg -1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of Kyle averaged 143 µg kg -1”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus treatments accounted for 3% of model sums of squares in Cd variability.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- phosphorus treatmentse0
- Outcome
- model sums of squarese0
- Value
- 3%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phosphorus treatments accounting for 3% of the model sums of squares”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen sources accounted for less than 1% of model sums of squares in Cd variability.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N sourcese0
- Outcome
- less than 1%e0
- Value
- less than 1%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N sources accounting for less than 1%”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilization increased Arcola Cd concentration regardless of source or placement.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Arcolae0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- regardless of source or placemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus fertilization increased the Cd concentration of Arcola, regardless of source or placement”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The proportion of Arcola samples above 100 µg kg -1 Cd remained 17% under phosphorus fertilization.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Arcolae1
- Treatment
- Phosphorus fertilizatione2
- Outcome
- proportion of samples with Cd concentration above 100 µg kg -1e0
- Direction
- remained unchangede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of samples with Cd concentration above 100 µg kg -1 remained unchanged at 17%”
t0“durum wheat”
e1“The Cd concentration of Arcola averaged 80 µg kg -1”
e2“Phosphorus fertilization increased the Cd concentration of Arcola, regardless of source or placement”
Claim · model-written summary
Kyle Cd concentration increased only with seed-placed fertilizer.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Kylee0
- Treatment
- the fertilizer was seed-placede0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the case of Kyle the Cd concentration increased only when the fertilizer was seed-placed”
t0“durum wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Kyle samples above 100 µg kg -1 Cd increased from 67 to 90% with seed-placed fertilizer.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Kylee1
- Treatment
- the fertilizer was seed-placede2
- Outcome
- proportion of samples with Cd concentration above 100 µg kg -1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 67 to 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the proportion of samples with Cd concentration above 100 µg kg -1 increased from 67 to 90%”
t0“durum wheat”
e1“that of Kyle averaged 143 µg kg -1”
e2“In the case of Kyle the Cd concentration increased only when the fertilizer was seed-placed”
Claim · model-written summary
The phosphorus effect appeared to operate through plant density and vigour rather than fertilizer Cd impurities.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizere0
- Outcome
- effect of Pe0
- Qualifier
- plant density and vigour rather than from Cd impurities in the fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of P appeared to result from the effects of fertilizer on plant density and vigour rather than from Cd impurities in the fertilizer”
t0“durum wheat”
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