Abstract
Wheat has a pivotal role in food chains and human diet, and the understanding of its productive and qualitative performance under elevated CO 2 (e[CO 2 ]) is therefore a primary research target. While e[CO 2 ] generally boosts wheat yield and biomass, major concerns remain about the impact on qualitative traits. The use of biochar as amendment, thanks to its well-known ability to improve soil fertility and crop production and quality, could be a suitable solution to cope with the negative effect of e[CO 2 ] on qualitative traits. To test this hypothesis, we present the results of an open field experiment investigating the combined effects of biochar application and e[CO 2 ] on quantitative and qualitative performance of two commercial durum wheat ( Triticum durum ) cultivars (Aureo and Claudio). The experimental design included plots treated without [B0] or with 30 t ha −1 of biochar as amendment [B30] and grown at ambient a[CO 2 ] and e[CO 2 ] (570 ppm). Results indicated that biochar increased soil temperatures by +1 °C during winter, thus favouring an earlier phenology and average biomass (+10 % and +7.2 %) and yield (+13.2 % and +8.5 %) increase in both a[CO 2 ] and e[CO 2 ] treatments compared to the no biochar [B0] treatments. Biochar treatments also increased flag leaf chlorophyll and decreased flavonoids, and enhanced intrinsic water use efficiency due to increases in photosynthesis and decreases in stomatal conductance. Spike density, falling number and thousand kernel weight were positively and significantly altered by biochar amendment, whilst the remaining parameters mostly differed between cultivars only. By contrast, biochar application did not alleviate nitrogen reduction in grains and straw in both cultivars neither increase grain protein content, although it remained sufficient for pasta making under all treatment combinations. Accordingly, biochar use could be preferentially adopted for increasing the productivity of high-quality cultivars whose destination and industrial processing would not suffer from a decrease in quality parameters. • Interactions of biochar amendment with elevated CO 2 need to be explored. • Biochar increased soil temperature prior to canopy closure. • Biochar increased TKW and grain yield. • Biochar did not compensate negative effects of elevated CO 2 on grain nitrogen.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar raised winter soil temperature by 1 °C.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Outcome
- soil temperaturese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- +1 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar increased soil temperatures by +1 °C during winter”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar advanced wheat phenology.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- phenologye0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar increased soil temperatures by +1 °C during winter, thus favouring an earlier phenology”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased average biomass by 10% and 7.2% in ambient and elevated CO2 conditions.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +10 % and +7.2 %e0
- Comparator
- no biochar [B0] treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average biomass (+10 % and +7.2 %) and yield (+13.2 % and +8.5 %) increase in both a[CO 2 ] and e[CO 2 ] treatments compared to the no biochar [B0] treatments”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased yield by 13.2% and 8.5% in ambient and elevated CO2 conditions.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- +13.2 % and +8.5 %e0
- Comparator
- no biochar [B0] treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield (+13.2 % and +8.5 %) increase in both a[CO 2 ] and e[CO 2 ] treatments compared to the no biochar [B0] treatments”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased flag leaf chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- flag leaf chlorophylle0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar treatments also increased flag leaf chlorophyll and decreased flavonoids”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar decreased flavonoids.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- Biochar treatmentse0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar treatments also increased flag leaf chlorophyll and decreased flavonoids”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar enhanced intrinsic water use efficiency through increased photosynthesis and reduced stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- intrinsic water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- increases in photosynthesis and decreases in stomatal conductancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced intrinsic water use efficiency due to increases in photosynthesis and decreases in stomatal conductance”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly improved spike density, falling number and thousand kernel weight.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- Spike density, falling number and thousand kernel weighte0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spike density, falling number and thousand kernel weight were positively and significantly altered by biochar amendment”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar did not alleviate nitrogen reduction in grains and straw.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen reduction in grains and strawe0
- Direction
- did not alleviatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar application did not alleviate nitrogen reduction in grains and straw in both cultivars”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar did not increase grain protein content.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- grain protein contente0
- Direction
- neither increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar application did not alleviate nitrogen reduction in grains and straw in both cultivars neither increase grain protein content, although it remained sufficient for pasta making under all treatment combinations”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend biochar to increase productivity of high-quality cultivars where quality decreases do not harm processing.
- Taxon
- durum wheat (Triticum durum)Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- increasing the productivity of high-quality cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar use could be preferentially adopted for increasing the productivity of high-quality cultivars whose destination and industrial processing would not suffer from a decrease in quality parameters”
t0“durum wheat (Triticum durum)”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.