Abstract
BACKGROUND: Climate change threatens sub-Saharan Africa's agricultural production, causing abiotic and biotic stressors. The study of plant responses to joint stressors is crucial for understanding molecular processes and identifying resilient crops for global food security. This study aimed to explore the shared and tailored responses of okra plants (cv. ''Meya'), at the biochemical and molecular levels, subjected to combined stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita infection. DESIGN: The study involved 240 okra plants in a completely randomized design, with six treatments replicated 20 times. Okra plants were adequately irrigated at the end of every 10-days water deficit that lasted for 66 days (D). Also, the plants were infected with M. incognita for 66 days and irrigated at 2-days intervals (R). The stresses were done independently, in sequential combination (D before R and R before D) and concurrently (R and D). All biochemical and antioxidant enzyme assays were carried out following standard procedures. RESULTS: Significant reductions in leaf relative water content were recorded in all stressed plants, especially in leaves of plants under individual drought stress (D) (41.6%) and plants stressed with root-knot nematode infection before drought stress (RBD) (41.4%). Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively. Plants in D exhibited the highest superoxide dismutase activities in leaf (147.1% increase) and root (105.8% increase) tissues. Catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased only in leaves of plants in D (90.8%) and RBD (88.9%), while only roots of plants in D exhibited a substantially higher CAT activity (139.3% increase) in comparison to controlled plants. Okra plants over-expressed NCED3 and under-expressed Me3 genes in leaf tissues. The NCED3 gene was overexpressed in roots from all treatments, while CYP707A3 was under-expressed only in roots of plants in RBD and RKN. CYP707A3 and NCED3 were grouped as closely related genes, while members of the Me3 genes were clustered into a separate group. CONCLUSION: The biochemical and molecular responses observed in okra plants (cv. ''Meya') subjected to combined stresses of drought and Meloidogyne incognita infection provide valuable insights into enhancing crop resilience under multifaceted stress conditions, particularly relevant for agricultural practices in sub-Saharan Africa facing increasing climatic challenges.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf relative water content fell significantly under all stress treatments.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- all stressed plantse0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Significant reductions in leaf relative water content were recorded in all stressed plants”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought alone reduced okra leaf relative water content by 41.6%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- individual drought stress (D)e0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 41.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant reductions in leaf relative water content were recorded in all stressed plants, especially in leaves of plants under individual drought stress (D) (41.6%)”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection before drought reduced okra leaf relative water content by 41.4%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- root-knot nematode infection before drought stress (RBD)e0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 41.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant reductions in leaf relative water content were recorded in all stressed plants, especially in leaves of plants under individual drought stress (D) (41.6%) and plants stressed with root-knot nematode infection before drought stress (RBD) (41.4%)”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased leaf malondialdehyde by 320.2%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- De0
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 320.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode-only stress increased leaf malondialdehyde by 152.9%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- nematode-only stress (RKN)e0
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 152.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought before nematode infection increased leaf malondialdehyde by 186.5%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR)e0
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 186.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection before drought increased leaf malondialdehyde by 283.7%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- RBDe0
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 283.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Concurrent drought and nematode stress increased leaf malondialdehyde by 109.6%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD)e0
- Outcome
- Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 109.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malondialdehyde contents in leaf tissues from plants in D, nematode-only stress (RKN), drought stress before root-knot nematode infection (DBR), RBD, and concurrent drought-nematode stress (RAD) significantly increased by 320.2%, 152.9%, 186.5%, 283.7%, and 109.6%, respectively”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased leaf superoxide dismutase activity by 147.1%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- De0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activities in leafe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 147.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in D exhibited the highest superoxide dismutase activities in leaf (147.1% increase) and root (105.8% increase) tissues”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased root superoxide dismutase activity by 105.8%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- De0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 105.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants in D exhibited the highest superoxide dismutase activities in leaf (147.1% increase) and root (105.8% increase) tissues”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased leaf catalase activity by 90.8%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- De0
- Outcome
- Catalase (CAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased only in leaves of plants in D (90.8%) and RBD (88.9%)”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection before drought increased leaf catalase activity by 88.9%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- RBDe0
- Outcome
- Catalase (CAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 88.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased only in leaves of plants in D (90.8%) and RBD (88.9%)”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased root catalase activity by 139.3%.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- De0
- Outcome
- CAT activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 139.3%e0
- Comparator
- controlled plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only roots of plants in D exhibited a substantially higher CAT activity (139.3% increase) in comparison to controlled plants”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra leaves overexpressed NCED3.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuese0
- Gene
- NCED3e0
- Outcome
- NCED3e0
- Direction
- over-expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Okra plants over-expressed NCED3 and under-expressed Me3 genes in leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra leaves underexpressed Me3 genes.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuese0
- Gene
- Me3 genese0
- Outcome
- Me3 genese0
- Direction
- under-expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Okra plants over-expressed NCED3 and under-expressed Me3 genes in leaf tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
NCED3 was overexpressed in roots under all treatments.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- all treatmentse0
- Gene
- NCED3e0
- Outcome
- NCED3 genee0
- Direction
- overexpressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The NCED3 gene was overexpressed in roots from all treatments”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP707A3 was underexpressed only in roots under RBD and RKN.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- RBD and RKNe0
- Gene
- CYP707A3e0
- Outcome
- CYP707A3e0
- Direction
- under-expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CYP707A3 was under-expressed only in roots of plants in RBD and RKN”
t0“okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP707A3 and NCED3 clustered together while Me3 genes formed a separate group.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Gene
- CYP707A3 and NCED3e0
- Outcome
- closely related genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CYP707A3 and NCED3 were grouped as closely related genes, while members of the Me3 genes were clustered into a separate group”
t0“okra plants”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
infection · physiology: oxidative · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
infection · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
drought · physiology: oxidative · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
drought · physiology: water · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.