Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is an important necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes okra root disease and results in severe yield reduction. Many biocontrol agents are being studied with the intent of improving plant growth and defense systems and reducing crop loss by preventing fungal infections. Recently, a member of the Hypocrealean family, Metarhizium anisopliae, has been reported for insect pathogenicity, endophytism, plant growth promotion, and antifungal potentialities. This research investigated the role of M. anisopliae (MetA1) in growth promotion and root disease suppression in okra. The antagonism against R. solani and the plant growth promotion traits of MetA1 were tested in vitro . The effects of endophytic MetA1 on promoting plant growth and disease suppression were assessed in planta. Dual culture and cell-free culture filtrate assays showed antagonistic activity against R. solani by MetA1 . Some plant growth promotion traits, such as phosphate solubilization and catalase activity were also exhibited by MetA1. Seed primed with MetA1 increased the shoot, root, leaves, chlorophyll content, and biomass content compared to control okra plants. The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra. Whereas MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively. Moreover, MetA1 increased soluble sugars, carbohydrates, proline, and secondary metabolites, viz., phenol and flavonoid contents in okra resulting in a better osmotic adjustment of diseases infecting plants. MetA1 reduced disease incidence by 58.33% at 15 DAI compared to the R. solani inoculated plant. The results revealed that MetA1 improved plant growth, elevated the plant defense system, and suppressed root diseases caused by R. solani . Thus, MetA1 was found to be an effective candidate for the biological control program.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 inhibited R. solani in culture and filtrate assays.
- Taxon
- okra
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Abelmoschus esculentuse1 - Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogene1 - Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonistic activity against R. solanie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Dual culture and cell-free culture filtrate assays showed antagonistic activity against R. solani by MetA1”
e1“Rhizoctonia solani is an important necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes okra root disease”
t0“Metarhizium anisopliae (MetA1)”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 exhibited phosphate solubilization and catalase activity.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- phosphate solubilization and catalase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some plant growth promotion traits, such as phosphate solubilization and catalase activity were also exhibited by MetA1”
t0“in okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 seed priming increased shoot, root, leaves versus control okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- Seed primed with MetA1e0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- shoot, root, leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control okra plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed primed with MetA1 increased the shoot, root, leaves, chlorophyll content, and biomass content compared to control okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 seed priming increased chlorophyll content versus control okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- Seed primed with MetA1e0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control okra plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed primed with MetA1 increased the shoot, root, leaves, chlorophyll content, and biomass content compared to control okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 seed priming increased biomass content versus control okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- Seed primed with MetA1e0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- biomass contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control okra plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed primed with MetA1 increased the shoot, root, leaves, chlorophyll content, and biomass content compared to control okra plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen-challenged okra leaves had the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- challenged with R. solanie0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen-challenged okra leaves had the highest lipid peroxidation (MDA) content.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- challenged with R. solanie0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (MDA)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 reduced H 2 O 2 by 5.21 under pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1 appliede0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 5.21e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively”
t0“in okra”
e1“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 reduced MDA by 14.96% under pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1 appliede0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 14.96%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively”
t0“in okra”
e1“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 increased catalase (CAT) activity by 30.11 under pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1 appliede0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 30.11e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively”
t0“in okra”
e1“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 increased peroxidase (POD) activity by 10.19 under pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1 appliede0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 10.19e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively”
t0“in okra”
e1“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity by 5.62 under pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1 appliede0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- glutathione S-transferase (GST)e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 5.62e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively”
t0“in okra”
e1“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity by 5.06% under pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1 appliede0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 5.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 applied plants showed a reduction of H 2 O 2 and MDA by 5.21 and 14.96%, respectively, under pathogen-inoculated conditions by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), by 30.11, 10.19, 5.62, and 5.06%, respectively”
t0“in okra”
e1“The plants challenged with R. solani showed the highest hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) contents in the leaves of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 increased soluble sugars, carbohydrates, proline in okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- MetA1e0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- soluble sugars, carbohydrates, prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 increased soluble sugars, carbohydrates, proline, and secondary metabolites, viz., phenol and flavonoid contents in okra resulting in a better osmotic adjustment of diseases infecting plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 increased phenol and flavonoid contents in okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- MetA1e0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- phenol and flavonoid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 increased soluble sugars, carbohydrates, proline, and secondary metabolites, viz., phenol and flavonoid contents in okra resulting in a better osmotic adjustment of diseases infecting plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1-associated metabolite increases were linked to better osmotic adjustment in diseased okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Treatment
- MetA1e0
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- better osmotic adjustmente0
- Qualifier
- soluble sugars, carbohydrates, prolinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 increased soluble sugars, carbohydrates, proline, and secondary metabolites, viz., phenol and flavonoid contents in okra resulting in a better osmotic adjustment of diseases infecting plants”
Claim · model-written summary
MetA1 reduced disease incidence by 58.33% at 15 DAI versus pathogen-inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- MetA1e0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 58.33%e0
- Qualifier
- 15 DAIe0
- Comparator
- R. solani inoculated plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 reduced disease incidence by 58.33% at 15 DAI compared to the R. solani inoculated plant”
t0“in okra”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend MetA1 for biological control.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse1
- Interactor
- MetA1e0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- Rhizoctonia solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Outcome
- effective candidate for the biological control programe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MetA1 was found to be an effective candidate for the biological control program”
e1“Rhizoctonia solani is an important necrotrophic pathogenic fungus that causes okra root disease”
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