Abstract
As climate changes increase, drought stress is becoming a problem for all major horticultural crops; among them is okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Despite its superior resilience to heat stress and high nutritional content, it is still underutilized in contrast to other vegetable crops. Moreover, the drought-resistant and drought-sensitive genotypes of okra are also not well known and require further exploration to improve their productivity. To investigate this in more detail, we performed comparative physiological and large-scale chloroplast proteomics on drought-stressed genotypes of okra. We evaluated four major genotypes of okra, viz., NS7774, NS7772, Green Gold, and OH3312 for drought resilient rootstock. The physiological modulations demonstrated a significant change by 50–76% in biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery, water transport, and absorption both in early and late stages of drought stress compared to well-watered crops in all genotypes. Maximum oxidative damage due to drought stress was observed for the genotypes NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312 as depicted by H2O2 and O2− determination. Greater oxidative stress was correlated to lesser antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under stress in okra genotypes. The overall photosynthetic pigments, such as total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid content, were also decreased, and stomatal guard cells were disrupted and appeared closed compared to the control for the above three mentioned genotypes, except NS7774. A subsequent tissue-specific proteome analysis of chloroplasts and thylakoids analyzed by BN-PAGE (blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) revealed either over or under expression of specific proteins, such as ATPase, PSI, PSII core dimer, PSII monomer and ATP synthase. The expression of multiprotein complex proteins, including PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomer, was slightly higher for the genotype NS7774 when compared to three other genotypes for both 5 and 10 days of drought stress. Further identification of specific proteins obtained in second dimension BN-PAGE provided descriptive detail of seven proteins involved in drought resistance across all genotypes. The identified proteins are majorly involved in photosynthesis under drought stress, suggesting NS7774 as a drought tolerant genotype. Further, the proteomic results were confirmed using Immunoblot by selecting specific protein such as PsaA. Overall, from our physiological modulations and chloroplast proteomics in all genotypes, we summarized NS7774 as a resilient rootstock and the other three genotypes (NS7772, OH3312, and Green Gold) as sensitive ones.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress changed biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery and water transport by 50–76% in okra genotypes compared with well-watered crops.
- Taxon
- Okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery, water transporte0
- Direction
- significant changee0
- Value
- 50–76%e0
- Comparator
- well-watered cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“The physiological modulations demonstrated a significant change by 50–76% in biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery, water transport, and absorption both in early and late stages of drought stress compared to well-watered crops in all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress changed water absorption by 50–76% in okra genotypes compared with well-watered crops.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- absorptione0
- Direction
- significant changee0
- Value
- 50–76%e0
- Comparator
- well-watered cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“The physiological modulations demonstrated a significant change by 50–76% in biomass, net-photosynthetic machinery, water transport, and absorption both in early and late stages of drought stress compared to well-watered crops in all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum oxidative damage under drought stress was observed in the genotypes NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312e0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
- Direction
- Maximume0
- Qualifier
- as depicted by H2O2 and O2− determinatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“Maximum oxidative damage due to drought stress was observed for the genotypes NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312 as depicted by H2O2 and O2− determination”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater oxidative stress was correlated with lesser antioxidant activity and lower expression of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in okra.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse0
- Gene
- catalase and ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Qualifier
- Greater oxidative stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“Greater oxidative stress was correlated to lesser antioxidant activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase under stress in okra genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress decreased total chlorophyll and total carotenoid content in NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312 compared with the control, except NS7774.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312e2
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- except NS7774e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“The overall photosynthetic pigments, such as total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid content, were also decreased, and stomatal guard cells were disrupted and appeared closed compared to the control for the above three mentioned genotypes, except NS7774”
e1“Maximum oxidative damage due to drought stress”
e2“for the genotypes NS7772, Green Gold and OH3312”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal guard cells were disrupted and appeared closed under drought in the three genotypes compared with the control.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- stomatal guard cellse0
- Outcome
- disrupted and appeared closede0
- Qualifier
- compared to the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“The overall photosynthetic pigments, such as total chlorophyll, and total carotenoid content, were also decreased, and stomatal guard cells were disrupted and appeared closed compared to the control for the above three mentioned genotypes, except NS7774”
Claim · model-written summary
A tissue-specific proteome of chloroplasts and thylakoids showed over or under expression of ATPase, PSI, PSII core dimer, PSII monomer and ATP synthase proteins.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Organ / stage
- chloroplasts and thylakoidse1
- Gene
- ATPase, PSI, PSII core dimer, PSII monomer and ATP synthasee0
- Outcome
- expression of specific proteinse0
- Direction
- over or under expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e1“A subsequent tissue-specific proteome analysis of chloroplasts and thylakoids”
e0“revealed either over or under expression of specific proteins, such as ATPase, PSI, PSII core dimer, PSII monomer and ATP synthase”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomer expression was slightly higher in NS7774 than in three other genotypes under drought stress for 5 and 10 days.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- NS7774e0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Gene
- PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomere0
- Outcome
- expression of multiprotein complex proteinse0
- Direction
- slightly highere0
- Comparator
- three other genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“The expression of multiprotein complex proteins, including PSII-core dimer and PSII-core monomer, was slightly higher for the genotype NS7774 when compared to three other genotypes for both 5 and 10 days of drought stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Second-dimension BN-PAGE identified seven proteins involved in drought resistance across all genotypes.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- seven proteins involved in drought resistancee0
- Qualifier
- across all genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“Further identification of specific proteins obtained in second dimension BN-PAGE provided descriptive detail of seven proteins involved in drought resistance across all genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
NS7774 is suggested as a drought-tolerant genotype because its identified proteins are mainly involved in photosynthesis under drought stress.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- NS7774e0
- Outcome
- drought tolerant genotypee0
- Qualifier
- majorly involved in photosynthesis under drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“The identified proteins are majorly involved in photosynthesis under drought stress, suggesting NS7774 as a drought tolerant genotype”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteomic results were confirmed by immunoblot of PsaA.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Gene
- PsaAe0
- Outcome
- proteomic results were confirmede0
- Qualifier
- using Immunoblote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“Further, the proteomic results were confirmed using Immunoblot by selecting specific protein such as PsaA”
Claim · model-written summary
NS7774 is summarised as a resilient rootstock among the okra genotypes.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- NS7774e0
- Outcome
- resilient rootstocke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“we summarized NS7774 as a resilient rootstock and the other three genotypes (NS7772, OH3312, and Green Gold) as sensitive ones”
Claim · model-written summary
NS7772, OH3312 and Green Gold are summarised as sensitive okra genotypes.
- Taxon
- OkraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Material
- NS7772, OH3312, and Green Golde0
- Outcome
- sensitive onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)”
e0“we summarized NS7774 as a resilient rootstock and the other three genotypes (NS7772, OH3312, and Green Gold) as sensitive ones”
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drought · physiology: oxidative · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.