Abstract
Plant infections caused by fungi lead to significant crop losses worldwide every year. This study aims to better understand the plant defence mechanisms regulated by red light, in particular, the effects of red light at night when most phytopathogens are highly infectious. Our results showed that superoxide production significantly increased immediately after red light exposure and, together with hydrogen peroxide levels, was highest at dawn after 30 min of nocturnal red-light treatment. In parallel, red-light-induced expression and increased the activities of several antioxidant enzymes. The nocturnal red light did not affect salicylic acid but increased jasmonic acid levels immediately after illumination, whereas abscisic acid levels increased 3 h after nocturnal red-light exposure at dawn. Based on the RNAseq data, red light immediately increased the transcription of several chloroplastic chlorophyll a-b binding protein and circadian rhythm-related genes, such as Constans 1, CONSTANS interacting protein 1 and zinc finger protein CONSTANS-LIKE 10. In addition, the levels of several transcription factors were also increased after red light exposure, such as the DOF zinc finger protein and a MYB transcription factor involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms and defence responses in tomato. In addition to identifying these key transcription factors in tomato, the application of red light at night for one week not only reactivated key antioxidant enzymes at the gene and enzyme activity level at dawn but also contributed to a more efficient and successful defence against Botrytis cinerea infection.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide rose immediately after red light exposure.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- red light exposuree0
- Outcome
- superoxide productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“superoxide production significantly increased immediately after red light exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels peaked at dawn after 30 minutes of nocturnal red light.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 30 min of nocturnal red-light treatmente0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide levelse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“together with hydrogen peroxide levels, was highest at dawn after 30 min of nocturnal red-light treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light increased antioxidant enzyme expression and activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red-lighte0
- Outcome
- activities of several antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“red-light-induced expression and increased the activities of several antioxidant enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Nocturnal red light did not affect salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nocturnal red lighte0
- Outcome
- salicylic acide0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“The nocturnal red light did not affect salicylic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Nocturnal red light increased jasmonic acid immediately after illumination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red lighte1
- Outcome
- jasmonic acid levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“increased jasmonic acid levels immediately after illumination”
e1“The nocturnal red light did not affect salicylic acid but increased jasmonic acid levels immediately after illumination”
Claim · model-written summary
Abscisic acid rose three hours after nocturnal red light exposure at dawn.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nocturnal red-light exposuree0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“abscisic acid levels increased 3 h after nocturnal red-light exposure at dawn”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light immediately increased transcription of chlorophyll binding and circadian genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Gene
- Constans 1e0
- Outcome
- transcriptione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“red light immediately increased the transcription of several chloroplastic chlorophyll a-b binding protein and circadian rhythm-related genes, such as Constans 1, CONSTANS interacting protein 1 and zinc finger protein CONSTANS-LIKE 10”
Claim · model-written summary
DOF zinc finger protein and a MYB transcription factor increased after red light exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red light exposuree0
- Gene
- DOF zinc finger proteine0
- Outcome
- levels of several transcription factorse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e0“levels of several transcription factors were also increased after red light exposure, such as the DOF zinc finger protein and a MYB transcription factor”
Claim · model-written summary
One week of nocturnal red light improved defence against Botrytis cinerea infection.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red light at night for one weeke0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- defence against Botrytis cinerea infectione0
- Direction
- more efficient and successfule0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato against fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea”
e0“the application of red light at night for one week not only reactivated key antioxidant enzymes at the gene and enzyme activity level at dawn but also contributed to a more efficient and successful defence against Botrytis cinerea infection”
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