Abstract
• Application of nocturnal red light altered leaf thickness and internode length of tomato. • Ethylene insensitivity influenced the expression of photosynthesis, circadian, and flowering regulators. • Red light caused salicylic- and abscisic acid accumulation in an ethylene-dependent manner. • Red light increased ascorbate and GST activity, which depended on ethylene. • Red light reduced B. cinerea infection independently of ET action. The interaction between ethylene (ET) and light/dark cycles is complex and regulates plant growth, development and stress responses. While ET synthesis is influenced by circadian rhythms, light -especially red light- it can also affect ET-regulated processes, depending on the developmental stage and organ type. This study investigated the effects of nocturnal red light exposure on mature tomato plant leaves, using wild-type (WT) and ET-insensitive Never ripe ( Nr ) mutant. Red light application for one week at night did not significantly affect leaf biomass and area, but it altered structural traits such as leaf thickness and internode length, particularly in WT plants. Transcriptomic analyses indicated significant differences in gene expression between WT and Nr plants, particularly in genes related to photosynthesis, growth regulation and the circadian clock. Red light also modulated the expression of hormone-related genes and increased the levels of defence-related phytohormones (ET, salicylic acid, abscisic acid) as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase) in a manner dependent on ET in WT plants. Interestingly, although ET is involved in many of these processes, red light was also found to increase biotic stress resistance in Nr mutants, as evidenced by reduced Botrytis cinerea infection. This suggests that red light may activate defence pathways independently of ET. Our findings highlight the potential of red light as an environmentally friendly tool for improving crop disease resistance and emphasise the pivotal role of ET signalling, which can be regulated by specific light spectra, in plant’s defence reactions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Nocturnal red light did not significantly affect leaf biomass and area.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume7 - Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- Red light application for one week at nighte0
- Outcome
- leaf biomass and areae0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Red light application for one week at night did not significantly affect leaf biomass and area”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Nocturnal red light altered leaf thickness and internode length, particularly in wild type tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Material
- WT plantse0
- Treatment
- Red lighte1
- Outcome
- leaf thickness and internode lengthe0
- Direction
- alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it altered structural traits such as leaf thickness and internode length, particularly in WT plants.”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e1“Red light application for one week at night”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild type and Never ripe plants differed significantly in expression of photosynthesis, growth and circadian genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Material
- WT and Nr plantse0
- Outcome
- gene expressione0
- Direction
- differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptomic analyses indicated significant differences in gene expression between WT and Nr plants, particularly in genes related to photosynthesis, growth regulation and the circadian clock.”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light modulated hormone-related gene expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- Red lighte0
- Outcome
- expression of hormone-related genese0
- Direction
- modulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Red light also modulated the expression of hormone-related genes”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light increased ET, salicylic acid and abscisic acid levels in an ET-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Material
- WT plantse0
- Treatment
- Red lighte1
- Outcome
- levels of defence-related phytohormones (ET, salicylic acid, abscisic acid)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the levels of defence-related phytohormones (ET, salicylic acid, abscisic acid) as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase) in a manner dependent on ET in WT plants.”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e1“Red light also modulated the expression of hormone-related genes”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light increased antioxidant enzyme activity in an ET-dependent manner.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Material
- WT plantse0
- Treatment
- Red lighte1
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the levels of defence-related phytohormones (ET, salicylic acid, abscisic acid) as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase) in a manner dependent on ET in WT plants.”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e1“Red light also modulated the expression of hormone-related genes”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light reduced Botrytis cinerea infection in Never ripe mutants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Material
- Nr mutantse0
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- Botrytis cinerea infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red light was also found to increase biotic stress resistance in Nr mutants, as evidenced by reduced Botrytis cinerea infection.”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light may activate defence independently of ET.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- red lighte0
- Outcome
- defence pathwayse0
- Qualifier
- independently of ETe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This suggests that red light may activate defence pathways independently of ET.”
t0“plant defence responses at dawn”
e7“mature tomato plant leaves”
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