Abstract
• Nocturnal red light treatment improved photosynthetic efficiency in various leaf levels. • Older leaves benefited from red light exposure based on the enhanced CO 2 assimilation. • Red light treatment resulted in significant changes to the accumulation of starch and sugars. • Metabolites such as 4-guanidinobutyric acid, fucose and quinic acid increased by red light. • Some metabolites, such as myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartate decreased upon red light. • Red light influenced plant height and leaf area, enhancing the defence responses of plants. This study explores the long-term effects of nocturnal red light treatment on tomato plants, focusing on photosynthesis, metabolism, and defence mechanisms. The impact of red light treatment applied at night to both young and old leaves at various times of day was investigated. The results showed that, after three weeks, nocturnal red light treatment improved photosynthetic efficiency in both upper and lower leaves, particularly in the morning and at noon. This enhancement in photosynthesis was associated with higher CO 2 assimilation. Interestingly, older leaves, which usually demonstrate reduced photosynthetic activity, also benefited from red light exposure. Additionally, red light treatment resulted in significant changes to the accumulation of starch and sugars. Higher levels of starch were found in the leaves in the afternoon, alongside increased levels of sucrose in both leaves. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the level of several defence-related metabolites, including 4-guanidinobutyric acid, fucose and quinic acid, increased following exposure to red light. This suggests that red light applied at night could have a priming effect, enhancing defence against pathogens. Conversely, the levels of some metabolites, such as myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartate, decreased, indicating adjustments in plant stress responses. Red light influenced plant height and leaf area and enhanced callose content in older leaves. Moreover, red light can hard plants against fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea . These results suggest that exposure to red light at night is an effective, environmentally friendly approach to enhance the resilience of tomato plants and optimise greenhouse farming practices, particularly through supplemental or interlighting systems.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nocturnal red light treatment improved photosynthetic efficiency in upper and lower tomato leaves, particularly in the morning and at noon.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- upper and lower leavese1
- Treatment
- nocturnal red light treatmente1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Qualifier
- particularly in the morning and at noone1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e1“after three weeks, nocturnal red light treatment improved photosynthetic efficiency in both upper and lower leaves, particularly in the morning and at noon. This enhancement in photosynthesis was associated with higher CO 2 assimilation”
Claim · model-written summary
The enhanced photosynthesis under nocturnal red light was associated with higher CO2 assimilation in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nocturnal red light treatmente1
- Outcome
- CO 2 assimilatione1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e1“after three weeks, nocturnal red light treatment improved photosynthetic efficiency in both upper and lower leaves, particularly in the morning and at noon. This enhancement in photosynthesis was associated with higher CO 2 assimilation”
Claim · model-written summary
Older tomato leaves, which usually have reduced photosynthetic activity, benefited from red light exposure.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese2
- Treatment
- red light exposuree2
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye2
- Direction
- benefitede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e2“Interestingly, older leaves, which usually demonstrate reduced photosynthetic activity, also benefited from red light exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light treatment significantly changed the accumulation of starch and sugars in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red light treatmente3
- Outcome
- accumulation of starch and sugarse3
- Direction
- changese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e3“Additionally, red light treatment resulted in significant changes to the accumulation of starch and sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Under red light treatment, starch was higher in tomato leaves in the afternoon.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- red light treatmente3
- Outcome
- starche4
- Direction
- Highere4
- Qualifier
- in the afternoone4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e3“Additionally, red light treatment resulted in significant changes to the accumulation of starch and sugars”
e4“Higher levels of starch were found in the leaves in the afternoon, alongside increased levels of sucrose in both leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Under red light treatment, sucrose increased in both tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- both leavese4
- Treatment
- red light treatmente3
- Outcome
- sucrosee4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e3“Additionally, red light treatment resulted in significant changes to the accumulation of starch and sugars”
e4“Higher levels of starch were found in the leaves in the afternoon, alongside increased levels of sucrose in both leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to red light increased several defence-related metabolites, including 4-guanidinobutyric acid, fucose and quinic acid, in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exposure to red lighte5
- Compound
- 4-guanidinobutyric acid, fucose and quinic acide5
- Outcome
- the level of several defence-related metabolitese5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e5“the level of several defence-related metabolites, including 4-guanidinobutyric acid, fucose and quinic acid, increased following exposure to red light”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to red light decreased myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartate levels in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- exposure to red lighte6
- Compound
- myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartatee6
- Outcome
- the levels of some metabolitese6
- Direction
- decreasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e6“increased following exposure to red light. This suggests that red light applied at night could have a priming effect, enhancing defence against pathogens. Conversely, the levels of some metabolites, such as myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartate, decreased, indicating adjustments in plant stress responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light did not clearly change plant height and leaf area of tomato; its effect on these traits is reported as an influence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Red lighte7
- Outcome
- plant height and leaf areae7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e7“Red light influenced plant height and leaf area and enhanced callose content in older leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light enhanced callose content in older tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese7
- Treatment
- Red lighte7
- Outcome
- callose contente7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e7“Red light influenced plant height and leaf area and enhanced callose content in older leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light hardened tomato plants against fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red lighte1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae1pathogen - Outcome
- hard plants against fungal pathogense1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e1“Moreover, red light can hard plants against fungal pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Red light applied at night could have a priming effect that enhances tomato defence against pathogens.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- red light applied at nighte6
- Outcome
- defence against pathogense6
- Qualifier
- priming effecte6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e6“increased following exposure to red light. This suggests that red light applied at night could have a priming effect, enhancing defence against pathogens. Conversely, the levels of some metabolites, such as myo-inositol and N-acetylaspartate, decreased, indicating adjustments in plant stress responses”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to red light at night is an approach to enhance the resilience of tomato plants, and the authors recommend it for greenhouse farming.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- exposure to red light at nighte1
- Outcome
- resilience of tomato plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Red light improved photosynthesis and defence-related metabolism in tomato”
e1“These results suggest that exposure to red light at night is an effective, environmentally friendly approach to enhance the resilience of tomato plants”
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