Abstract
Global warming may exacerbate cropland soil drought, affect microbial systems, and decrease grain yield. However, the compensatory effects of supplementary irrigation on winter wheat yield and soil microbial communities under increased temperatures have not been fully studied. Here, a three-year field experiment was conducted, to verify the effects of warming treatments (WS: winter and spring warming; FF: flowering and filling period warming) and irrigation (W0: conventional irrigation; W1: supplemental irrigation) on crop-soil systems during the winter wheat growth stages. The results demonstrated that warming measures have significant negative effects on the net assimilation rate of flag leaves and yield formation, which led to a reduction of wheat yield by 14–40%. However, increasing irrigation can compensate for a yield of 9.7–15%. In addition, warming increases the soil temperature and decreases the soil water content, resulting in decreased soil microbial diversity. The effect size (β) = −0.23 to −0.53 for index of phylogenetic diversity (PD) under warming, while β= 0.16 under increased irrigation. The SEM model further showed that supplementary irrigation during anthesis to filling can improve the soil environment and extend the validity of photosynthetic to increase production, which was an important mitigation measure to adapt to the warming climate in wheat production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly reduced flag leaf net assimilation rate.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- warming measurese0
- Outcome
- net assimilation rate of flag leavese0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming measures have significant negative effects on the net assimilation rate of flag leaves and yield formation”
e1“during the winter wheat growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly impaired yield formation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- warming measurese0
- Outcome
- yield formatione0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming measures have significant negative effects on the net assimilation rate of flag leaves and yield formation”
e1“during the winter wheat growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced wheat yield by 14–40%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- warminge1
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 14–40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which led to a reduction of wheat yield by 14–40%.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“warming measures have significant negative effects on the net assimilation rate of flag leaves and yield formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased irrigation compensated wheat yield by 9.7–15%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- compensatee0
- Value
- 9.7–15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing irrigation can compensate for a yield of 9.7–15%.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased soil temperature.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming increases the soil temperature and decreases the soil water content, resulting in decreased soil microbial diversity.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased soil water content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- soil water contente0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming increases the soil temperature and decreases the soil water content, resulting in decreased soil microbial diversity.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming decreased soil microbial diversity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- soil microbial diversitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warming increases the soil temperature and decreases the soil water content, resulting in decreased soil microbial diversity.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming had negative effect size on phylogenetic diversity, beta −0.23 to −0.53.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- index of phylogenetic diversity (PD)e0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- −0.23 to −0.53e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect size (β) = −0.23 to −0.53 for index of phylogenetic diversity (PD) under warming”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased irrigation had positive phylogenetic diversity effect size, beta 0.16.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased irrigatione0
- Outcome
- index of phylogenetic diversity (PD)e1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.16e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while β= 0.16 under increased irrigation.”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“The effect size (β) = −0.23 to −0.53 for index of phylogenetic diversity (PD) under warming”
Claim · model-written summary
SEM attributed higher production to irrigation improvement of soil environment and extended photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplementary irrigatione0
- Outcome
- increase productione0
- Qualifier
- improve the soil environment and extend the validity of photosynthetice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SEM model further showed that supplementary irrigation during anthesis to filling can improve the soil environment and extend the validity of photosynthetic to increase production”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors identify supplemental irrigation during anthesis to filling as a warming mitigation measure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- supplementary irrigation during anthesis to fillinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“supplementary irrigation during anthesis to filling can improve the soil environment and extend the validity of photosynthetic to increase production, which was an important mitigation measure to adapt to the warming climate in wheat production.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.