Abstract
The changes in biomass (including yield), copper (Cu) concentration, and the accumulation of wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) in response to soil Cu pollution under nighttime warming had still not been explored. Hence, this study was carried out, and these variations were analyzed from a physiological perspective. Pot trials were performed at two levels of ambient temperatures (no-warming (NT) and average nighttime warming of 0.28 °C (WT)) and two levels of soil Cu concentrations (control check without Cu application (CK) and 100 mg/kg Cu application (Cu)). Soil was collected from the carbonate cinnamon soil region of central China. The warming effects of the passive nighttime warming system were prominent, and the average increment was 0.28 °C. Antioxidant enzyme activities were promoted by warming (p < 0.05) and Cu. The highest yield was achieved in NT-Cu, mainly attributed to relatively strong root activity and photosynthesis caused by supplemental Cu, but the Cu concentration in its grains was close to the threshold (10 mg/kg) for Cu concentration in foodstuff and could present a potential food safety risk. Though nighttime warming did not increase the total biomass and yield of wheat, it decreased the Cu accumulation of wheat grown in Cu-contaminated soil, especially in grains. Moreover, WT-CK and WT-Cu increased the Cu concentration in the roots and glumes and reduced the Cu concentration in grains by 13.09% and 55.84%, respectively, probably because of a lower transpiration rate. Among them, the Cu concentration of grains in WT-Cu was the lowest and significantly lower than other applications. Our findings reveal that nighttime warming has the potential to reduce the Cu risk of grains in wheat grown in the Cu-contaminated carbonate cinnamon soil region of central China and could then provide a theoretical reference for risk assessment of food quality for wheat subjected to dual stress from nighttime warming and Cu pollution.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
The passive nighttime warming system raised mean temperature by 0.28 °C.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- average incremente0
- Value
- 0.28 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The warming effects of the passive nighttime warming system were prominent, and the average increment was 0.28 °C.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming promoted antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warminge0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- p < 0.05e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant enzyme activities were promoted by warming (p < 0.05) and Cu.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper promoted antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cue0
- Outcome
- Antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Antioxidant enzyme activities were promoted by warming (p < 0.05) and Cu.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The no-warming copper treatment produced the highest yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NT-Cue0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest yield was achieved in NT-Cu, mainly attributed to relatively strong root activity and photosynthesis caused by supplemental Cu”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental copper was associated with stronger root activity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplemental Cue0
- Outcome
- root activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively strong root activity and photosynthesis caused by supplemental Cu”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental copper was associated with stronger photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- supplemental Cue0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively strong root activity and photosynthesis caused by supplemental Cu”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain copper in the no-warming copper treatment approached the food threshold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration in its grainse0
- Value
- 10 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cu concentration in its grains was close to the threshold (10 mg/kg) for Cu concentration in foodstuff”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming did not increase total wheat biomass.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming did not increase the total biomass and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming did not increase wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nighttime warming did not increase the total biomass and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nighttime warming decreased copper accumulation in wheat grown in copper-contaminated soil, especially grains.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- grainse0
- Treatment
- nighttime warminge0
- Outcome
- Cu accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Though nighttime warming did not increase the total biomass and yield of wheat, it decreased the Cu accumulation of wheat grown in Cu-contaminated soil, especially in grains.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased copper concentration in wheat roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WT-CK and WT-Cue0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration in the rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WT-CK and WT-Cu increased the Cu concentration in the roots and glumes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased copper concentration in wheat glumes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WT-CK and WT-Cue0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration in the roots and glumese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WT-CK and WT-Cu increased the Cu concentration in the roots and glumes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WT-CK reduced grain copper concentration by 13.09%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WT-CKe0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration in grainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13.09%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WT-CK and WT-Cu increased the Cu concentration in the roots and glumes and reduced the Cu concentration in grains by 13.09% and 55.84%, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WT-Cu reduced grain copper concentration by 55.84%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WT-Cue0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration in grainse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55.84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WT-CK and WT-Cu increased the Cu concentration in the roots and glumes and reduced the Cu concentration in grains by 13.09% and 55.84%, respectively”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed lower grain copper to reduced transpiration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration in grainse0
- Qualifier
- lower transpiration ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the Cu concentration in grains by 13.09% and 55.84%, respectively, probably because of a lower transpiration rate.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
WT-Cu had the lowest grain copper concentration, significantly below other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- WT-Cue0
- Outcome
- Cu concentration of grainse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- other applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cu concentration of grains in WT-Cu was the lowest and significantly lower than other applications.”
t0“Wheat”
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