Abstract
The effect of long-term water and integrated fertilization on prokaryotic microorganisms and their regulation for crop nutrient uptake remains unknown. Therefore, the impact of soil water and integrated fertilization after eight years on prokaryotic microbial communities in different compartments of root zone and their association with wheat nitrogen (N) absorption and yield were investigated. The results showed that compared with fertilization treatments (F), water regimes (W) more drastically modulated the prokaryotic microbial community structure and diversity in bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere. The increase of irrigation improved the prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere and endosphere while decreased the diversity in the bulk soil. Application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contents, increased rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic microbial diversity, and elevated the relative abundance of aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification-related functional microorganisms in rhizosphere and endosphere. Increasing irrigation elevated the relative abundance of functional microorganisms related to aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification in the rhizosphere and endosphere. Soil water content (SWC) and NH4+-N as well as NO3−-N were key predictors of prokaryotic microbial community composition under W and F treatments, respectively. Appropriate application of irrigation and organic fertilizers increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Flavobacterium. Water and fertilization treatments regulated the prokaryotic microbial communities of bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere by altering SWC and SOM, and provided evidence for the modulation of prokaryotic microorganisms to promote nitrogen uptake and wheat yield under long-term irrigation and fertilization. Conclusively, the addition of organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation) decreased the application amount of chemical fertilizers and water, while increased SOM and nutrient content, improved prokaryotic diversity, and changed prokaryotic microbial community structure in the wheat root zone, resulting in enhanced nutrient uptake and wheat yield.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Water regimes changed prokaryotic community structure and diversity more strongly than fertilization in three root zone compartments.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- rhizosphere and endospheree0
- Treatment
- water regimes (W)e0
- Outcome
- prokaryotic microbial community structure and diversitye0
- Direction
- more drasticallye0
- Comparator
- fertilization treatments (F)e0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compared with fertilization treatments (F), water regimes (W) more drastically modulated the prokaryotic microbial community structure and diversity in bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater irrigation increased rhizosphere and endosphere prokaryotic diversity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere and endospheree0
- Treatment
- increase of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- prokaryotic diversitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of irrigation improved the prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere and endosphere while decreased the diversity in the bulk soil.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater irrigation decreased bulk soil prokaryotic diversity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- diversity in the bulk soile0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of irrigation improved the prokaryotic diversity in the rhizosphere and endosphere while decreased the diversity in the bulk soil.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer improved soil organic matter and nutrient content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contents”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer increased rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic diversity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic microbial diversitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contents, increased rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic microbial diversity”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer elevated abundance of ammonia oxidation and nitrification microorganisms in rhizosphere and endosphere.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere and endospheree0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- relative abundance of aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification-related functional microorganismse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrient contents, increased rhizosphere and endophytic prokaryotic microbial diversity, and elevated the relative abundance of aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification-related functional microorganisms in rhizosphere and endosphere.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation elevated abundance of ammonia oxidation and nitrification microorganisms.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere and endospheree0
- Treatment
- Increasing irrigatione0
- Outcome
- relative abundance of functional microorganisms related to aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrificatione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing irrigation elevated the relative abundance of functional microorganisms related to aerobic ammonia oxidation and nitrification in the rhizosphere and endosphere.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil water content predicted prokaryotic community composition under water treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- We0
- Compound
- Soil water content (SWC)e0
- Outcome
- prokaryotic microbial community compositione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil water content (SWC) and NH4+-N as well as NO3−-N were key predictors of prokaryotic microbial community composition under W and F treatments, respectively.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium and nitrate nitrogen predicted prokaryotic community composition under fertilization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fe0
- Compound
- NH4+-N as well as NO3−-Ne0
- Outcome
- prokaryotic microbial community compositione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil water content (SWC) and NH4+-N as well as NO3−-N were key predictors of prokaryotic microbial community composition under W and F treatments, respectively.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Appropriate irrigation and organic fertilizer increased relative abundance of Flavobacterium.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation and organic fertilizerse0
- Interactor
- FlavobacteriumFlavobacteriume0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Flavobacteriume0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Appropriate application of irrigation and organic fertilizers increased the relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Flavobacterium.”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed treatment effects on root zone communities to changes in soil water and organic matter.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Water and fertilization treatmentse0
- Outcome
- prokaryotic microbial communities of bulk soil, rhizosphere and endospheree0
- Qualifier
- by altering SWC and SOMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water and fertilization treatments regulated the prokaryotic microbial communities of bulk soil, rhizosphere and endosphere by altering SWC and SOM”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors linked microbial modulation to improved nitrogen uptake and wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake and wheat yielde0
- Qualifier
- modulation of prokaryotic microorganismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“modulation of prokaryotic microorganisms to promote nitrogen uptake and wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Half organic manure and half inorganic fertilizer with reduced irrigation increased soil organic matter and nutrients.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation)e0
- Outcome
- SOM and nutrient contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation) decreased the application amount of chemical fertilizers and water, while increased SOM and nutrient content”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated manure and irrigation regime improved prokaryotic diversity and changed community structure.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation)e0
- Outcome
- prokaryotic diversitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation) decreased the application amount of chemical fertilizers and water, while increased SOM and nutrient content, improved prokaryotic diversity, and changed prokaryotic microbial community structure in the wheat root zone”
t0“wheat root zone”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrated manure and irrigation regime enhanced nutrient uptake and wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation)e0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake and wheat yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of organic manure (50 %) with inorganic fertilizers (50 %) and reduced amount of irrigation (pre-sowing and jointing-period irrigation) decreased the application amount of chemical fertilizers and water, while increased SOM and nutrient content, improved prokaryotic diversity, and changed prokaryotic microbial community structure in the wheat root zone, resulting in enhanced nutrient uptake and wheat yield.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.