Abstract
Previous reports from laboratory-controlled experiments and models considered that a shorter reproductive period could be the main reason for wheat yield reduction in the warmer world. However, this conclusion needs to be proved carefully by field-scale experiments. In this study, a field-scale continuous open-warming experiment was conducted to quantify the adjustment of winter wheat growth and yield under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) systems in the North China Plain (NCP). Canopy temperatures were warmed using infrared heaters between 1.0 and 1.6°C (daytime and nighttime, respectively) above the control. Wheat yields under CT were not significantly reduced over the two seasons (2010 and 2011), but yields under NT were 3.3% and 6.1% lower, respectively. The growing seasons for both CT and NT were shortened 6 days in 2010 and 11 days in 2011; however, the reproductive periods were maintained. The shortened days were due to a significantly shorter springtime re-greening stage followed by minimal changes in other phenological stages (jointing, flag completed, heading, anthesis, and grain-filling). The temporal advance by warming resulted in lower growing-season mean air temperatures (MAT) for warmed plots than the control from 0.23 to 4.22°C for the same subsequent phenological stages. Warming increased the number of tillers m(-2) and kernel weight, but tended to decrease the number of spikes m(-2) in the two tillage systems. The heavier kernels offset the yield reduction from smaller number of spikes. Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass from 10% to 20% suggesting the potential to sequester more CO(2). This study suggests that winter wheat might adjust its growth (shortened vegetative period to maintain reproductive period) to partly compensate for the negative effects from global warming in this temperate irrigated cropland.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Under conventional tillage, warming did not significantly reduce wheat yield in 2010 and 2011.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- Wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- not significantly reducede0
- Qualifier
- CTe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yields under CT were not significantly reduced over the two seasons (2010 and 2011)”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) systems”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no-till, warmed wheat yielded 3.3% less in 2010.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 3.3%e0
- Qualifier
- NTe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yields under NT were 3.3% and 6.1% lower, respectively”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Under no-till, warmed wheat yielded 6.1% less in 2011.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 6.1%e0
- Qualifier
- NTe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yields under NT were 3.3% and 6.1% lower, respectively”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming shortened growing seasons by 6 days in 2010 in both tillage systems.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- growing seasonse0
- Direction
- shortenede0
- Value
- 6 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growing seasons for both CT and NT were shortened 6 days in 2010 and 11 days in 2011”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming shortened growing seasons by 11 days in 2011 in both tillage systems.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- growing seasonse0
- Direction
- shortenede0
- Value
- 11 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growing seasons for both CT and NT were shortened 6 days in 2010 and 11 days in 2011”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming maintained the reproductive periods under both tillage systems.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- reproductive periodse0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“however, the reproductive periods were maintained”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming significantly shortened springtime re-greening with minimal changes in subsequent phenological stages.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- springtime re-greening stagee0
- Direction
- shortere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significantly shorter springtime re-greening stage followed by minimal changes in other phenological stages (jointing, flag completed, heading, anthesis, and grain-filling)”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming advanced phenology and lowered mean air temperatures of subsequent stages by 0.23 to 4.22°C.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- growing-season mean air temperatures (MAT)e0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.23 to 4.22°Ce0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The temporal advance by warming resulted in lower growing-season mean air temperatures (MAT) for warmed plots than the control from 0.23 to 4.22°C for the same subsequent phenological stages”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased tillers per square metre and kernel weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- number of tillers m(-2) and kernel weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming increased the number of tillers m(-2) and kernel weight”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming tended to decrease spikes per square metre.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Warminge2
- Outcome
- number of spikes m(-2)e0
- Direction
- tended to decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but tended to decrease the number of spikes m(-2) in the two tillage systems”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the number of tillers m(-2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavier kernels offset the yield loss associated with fewer spikes.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- yield reductione0
- Qualifier
- heavier kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The heavier kernels offset the yield reduction from smaller number of spikes”
e1“winter wheat growth and yield”
e2“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming increased aboveground biomass by 10% to 20%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Warminge0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10% to 20%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warming increased the wheat aboveground biomass from 10% to 20%”
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See all 309 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.