Abstract
Abstract It is widely known that salt stress restricts rice growth and productivity severely. However, little information is available regarding the stage of rice seedlings subjected to the Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inducer, Hemin. This study aimed to investigate the effects of salt stress on two rice varieties (Huanghuazhan and Xiangliangyou 900) and the effect of Hemin in promoting photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and key enzymes under salt-stress conditions. At the stage of three leaves and one heart, Huanghuazhan (HHZ) and Xiangliangyou 900 (XLY900) were sprayed with 5 μmol·L −1 Hemin and then subjected to 50 mM NaCl stress. The results showed that NaCl stress decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. Furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) decreased remarkably and the starch content was also lowered. However, NaCl treatment enhanced the concentration of sucrose and soluble sugar, simultaneously enhancing the sucrose metabolism. Nevertheless, the foliar spraying of exogenous Hemin mediated the increase in fructose and starch content, along with the activities of key enzymes’ soluble acid invertase (SAInv), basic/neutral invertase (A/N-Inv), and sucrose synthase (SS) in rice leaves under NaCl stress. The sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in leaves decreased significantly, and the fructose accumulation in leaves increased. Hemin also mediated the increase of starch content and the α-amylase, total amylase, and starch phosphorylase (SP) activities under NaCl stress. Under stress conditions, the application of the Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inhibitor, ZnPP failed to alleviate the damage to rice seedlings by NaCl stress. The ZnPP treatment showed similar tendency to the NaCl treatment on pigment content, gas exchange parameters and carbon metabolism related products and enzymes. However, ZnPP decreased carotenoids, fructose, starch content and enzyme activities related to starch metabolism. The regulation effect of Hemin on HuangHuaZhan was better than XiangLiangYou 900. These results indicate that Hemin improved the effects of salt stress on the photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of rice leaves as a result of enhanced carbohydrate metabolism. Thus, Hemin could alleviate the damage caused by salt stress to a certain extent.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- NaCl stresse0
- Outcome
- contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl stress decreased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress decreased net photosynthetic rate and starch content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate ( P n )e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the net photosynthetic rate ( P n ) decreased remarkably and the starch content was also lowered.”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“NaCl stress decreased the contents”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased sucrose and soluble sugar concentrations.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentration of sucrose and soluble sugare0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment enhanced the concentration of sucrose and soluble sugar, simultaneously enhancing the sucrose metabolism.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl enhanced sucrose metabolism.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- NaCl treatmente0
- Outcome
- sucrose metabolisme0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl treatment enhanced the concentration of sucrose and soluble sugar, simultaneously enhancing the sucrose metabolism.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemin increased fructose and starch contents under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of exogenous Hemine0
- Outcome
- fructose and starch contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying of exogenous Hemin mediated the increase in fructose and starch content”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemin increased SAInv, A/N-Inv and SS activities.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of exogenous Hemine1
- Outcome
- activities of key enzymes’ soluble acid invertase (SAInv), basic/neutral invertase (A/N-Inv), and sucrose synthase (SS)e0
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of key enzymes’ soluble acid invertase (SAInv), basic/neutral invertase (A/N-Inv), and sucrose synthase (SS) in rice leaves under NaCl stress.”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“foliar spraying of exogenous Hemin mediated the increase in fructose and starch content, along with the activities”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf SPS decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS)e0
- Outcome
- sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in leaves decreased significantly”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose accumulated in leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- fructose accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fructose accumulation in leaves increased”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemin increased starch content and amylase and SP activities under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Hemine0
- Outcome
- α-amylase, total amylase, and starch phosphorylase (SP) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hemin also mediated the increase of starch content and the α-amylase, total amylase, and starch phosphorylase (SP) activities under NaCl stress.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnPP failed to alleviate NaCl damage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZnPPe0
- Outcome
- damage to rice seedlingse0
- Direction
- failed to alleviatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) inhibitor, ZnPP failed to alleviate the damage to rice seedlings by NaCl stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnPP decreased carotenoids, fructose, starch and starch metabolism enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ZnPPe0
- Outcome
- carotenoids, fructose, starch contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnPP decreased carotenoids, fructose, starch content and enzyme activities related to starch metabolism.”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemin regulation was better in HuangHuaZhan than XiangLiangYou 900.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- HuangHuaZhane0
- Outcome
- regulation effect of Hemine0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- XiangLiangYou 900e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The regulation effect of Hemin on HuangHuaZhan was better than XiangLiangYou 900.”
t0“rice seedlings”
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