Abstract
The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism of stem mechanical strength in direct-seeded rice (DSR) as affected by paclobutrazol, especially its related endogenous hormone and cell wall component changes in culm tissue and response to the application of paclobutrazol. Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305, with soaking seeds in paclobutrazol at concentrations of (0 mg L−1, S0; 50 mg L−1; S1; 100 mg L−1; S2; 150 mg L−1, S3; 200 mg L−1, S4) in 2021 and 2022. The results suggest that the application of paclobutrazol increased the grain yield and reduced the lodging rate of DSR. Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments rapidly shortened the length of the basal internode by decreasing the endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) contents in culm tissue. The larger breaking strength (M) was attributed to a higher section modulus (SM) and bending stress (BS). The higher mechanical tissue thickness in culm tissue under paclobutrazol treatments, which was raised by higher endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) content in culm tissue, increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, and section modulus (SM) of the internode. Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments increased the cellulose content, lignin content, activities of lignin-related enzymes, and expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis, as well as resulted in a higher bending stress (BS) to enhance the culm breaking strength (M).
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol seed soaking increased the grain yield of direct-seeded japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica rice
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=60)
Oryza sativa Japonica Groupe1 - Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Treatment
- application of paclobutrazole2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_by_Augustus_Binu.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e2“The results suggest that the application of paclobutrazol increased the grain yield and reduced the lodging rate of DSR”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol seed soaking reduced the lodging rate of direct-seeded japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Treatment
- application of paclobutrazole2
- Outcome
- lodging ratee2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e2“The results suggest that the application of paclobutrazol increased the grain yield and reduced the lodging rate of DSR”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with S0, paclobutrazol seed soaking shortened the basal internode of japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Organ / stage
- basal internodee3
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in paclobutrazole3
- Outcome
- length of the basal internodee3
- Direction
- shortenede3
- Comparator
- S0 treatmentse3
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e3“Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments rapidly shortened the length of the basal internode by decreasing the endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) contents in culm tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with S0, paclobutrazol seed soaking decreased endogenous IAA and GA3 contents in the culm tissue of japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Organ / stage
- culm tissuee3
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in paclobutrazole3
- Outcome
- endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) contentse3
- Direction
- decreasinge3
- Comparator
- S0 treatmentse3
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e3“Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments rapidly shortened the length of the basal internode by decreasing the endogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) contents in culm tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol treatments raised endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside content in the culm tissue of japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Organ / stage
- culm tissuee4
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol treatmentse4
- Outcome
- endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) contente4
- Direction
- highere4
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e4“The higher mechanical tissue thickness in culm tissue under paclobutrazol treatments, which was raised by higher endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) content in culm tissue, increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, and section modulus (SM) of the internode”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol treatments increased the mechanical tissue thickness in the culm tissue of japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Organ / stage
- culm tissuee4
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol treatmentse4
- Outcome
- mechanical tissue thicknesse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e4“The higher mechanical tissue thickness in culm tissue under paclobutrazol treatments, which was raised by higher endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) content in culm tissue, increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, and section modulus (SM) of the internode”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol treatments increased culm diameter, culm wall thickness and section modulus of the internode of japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Organ / stage
- internodee4
- Treatment
- paclobutrazol treatmentse4
- Outcome
- culm diameter, culm wall thickness, and section modulus (SM)e4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e4“The higher mechanical tissue thickness in culm tissue under paclobutrazol treatments, which was raised by higher endogenous zeatin and zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) content in culm tissue, increased the culm diameter, culm wall thickness, and section modulus (SM) of the internode”
Claim · model-written summary
The larger breaking strength of the culm of japonica rice was attributed to a higher section modulus and bending stress.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Outcome
- breaking strength (M)e5
- Qualifier
- higher section modulus (SM) and bending stress (BS)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e5“The larger breaking strength (M) was attributed to a higher section modulus (SM) and bending stress (BS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with S0, paclobutrazol seed soaking resulted in higher bending stress in japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in paclobutrazole6
- Outcome
- bending stress (BS)e7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- S0 treatmentse6
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e6“Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments increased the cellulose content, lignin content, activities of lignin-related enzymes, and expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis”
e7“as well as resulted in a higher bending stress (BS) to enhance the culm breaking strength (M)”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with S0, paclobutrazol seed soaking increased cellulose and lignin contents in japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in paclobutrazole6
- Outcome
- cellulose content, lignin contente6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- S0 treatmentse6
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e6“Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments increased the cellulose content, lignin content, activities of lignin-related enzymes, and expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with S0, paclobutrazol seed soaking increased the activities of lignin-related enzymes in japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in paclobutrazole6
- Gene
- lignin-related enzymese6
- Outcome
- activities of lignin-related enzymese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- S0 treatmentse6
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e6“Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments increased the cellulose content, lignin content, activities of lignin-related enzymes, and expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with S0, paclobutrazol seed soaking increased the expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis in japonica rice.
- Taxon
- japonica riceOryza sativa Japonica Groupe1
- Material
- Jiyujing and Jijing305e1
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in paclobutrazole6
- Outcome
- expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesise6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- S0 treatmentse6
- Setting
- Changchun County, Jilin Province, Chinae1
Not reportedGene
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Field experiments were conducted in Changchun County, Jilin Province, China, by using two japonica rice varieties, Jiyujing and Jijing305”
e6“Compared with the S0 treatments, soaking the seeds in paclobutrazol treatments increased the cellulose content, lignin content, activities of lignin-related enzymes, and expression of key genes in lignin biosynthesis”
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