Abstract
Chitosan is an elicitor that induces resistance in fruits against postharvest diseases, but there is little knowledge about the wound healing ability of chitosan on apple fruits. Our study aimed at revealing the effect of chitosan on the phenylpropanoid pathway by determining some enzyme activities, products metabolites, polyphenol oxidase activity, color ( L *, b *, a *), weight loss, and disease index during healing. Apple (cv. Fuji) fruits wounded artificially were treated with 2.5% chitosan and healed at 21–25°C, relative humidity = 81–85% for 7 days, and non-wounded fruits (coated and non-coated) were used as control. The result shows that chitosan treatment significantly decreased weight loss of wounded fruits and disease index of Penicillium expansum inoculated fruits. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumaryl coenzyme A ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were elicited throughout the healing period by chitosan, which increased the biosynthesis of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p -coumaric acid, p -coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Also, total phenol, flavonoid, and lignin contents were significantly increased at the fruits wounds. In addition, chitosan’s ability to enhance polyphenol oxidase activity stimulated enzymatic browning of wounds. Although wounding increased phenylpropanoid enzymes activities before healing, chitosan caused higher enzyme activities for a significant healing effect compared with the control. These findings imply that chitosan accelerates apple wound healing by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway and stimulating enzymatic browning of wounds.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan reduced weight loss in wounded apple fruits.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- cv. Fujie0
- Treatment
- 2.5% chitosane0
- Outcome
- weight losse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Apple (cv. Fuji) fruits wounded artificially were treated with 2.5% chitosan”
e1“chitosan treatment significantly decreased weight loss of wounded fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan reduced the disease index of Penicillium expansum inoculated apples.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- cv. Fujie0
- Treatment
- 2.5% chitosane0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume1pathogen - Outcome
- disease index of Penicillium expansum inoculated fruitse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Apple (cv. Fuji) fruits wounded artificially were treated with 2.5% chitosan”
e1“chitosan treatment significantly decreased weight loss of wounded fruits and disease index of Penicillium expansum inoculated fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan elicited PAL, C4H and 4CL activities throughout healing.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumaryl coenzyme A ligase (4CL)e0
- Direction
- elicitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumaryl coenzyme A ligase (4CL), cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were elicited throughout the healing period by chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan elicited CCR and CAD activities throughout healing.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)e0
- Direction
- elicitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) were elicited throughout the healing period by chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased biosynthesis of cinnamic, caffeic and ferulic acids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“by chitosan, which increased the biosynthesis of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased biosynthesis of sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid and p-coumaryl alcohol.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane1
- Outcome
- sinapic acid, p -coumaric acid, p -coumaryl alcohole0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“increased the biosynthesis of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p -coumaric acid, p -coumaryl alcohol”
e1“Apple (cv. Fuji) fruits wounded artificially were treated with 2.5% chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan increased biosynthesis of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohol.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane1
- Outcome
- coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohole0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“increased the biosynthesis of cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p -coumaric acid, p -coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol”
e1“Apple (cv. Fuji) fruits wounded artificially were treated with 2.5% chitosan”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan significantly increased total phenol, flavonoid and lignin contents at fruit wounds.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruits woundse1
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- total phenol, flavonoid, and lignin contentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“chitosan, which increased the biosynthesis”
e1“total phenol, flavonoid, and lignin contents were significantly increased at the fruits wounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“chitosan’s ability to enhance polyphenol oxidase activity stimulated enzymatic browning of wounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Enhanced polyphenol oxidase activity stimulated enzymatic browning of apple wounds.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- enzymatic browning of woundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“chitosan’s ability to enhance polyphenol oxidase activity stimulated enzymatic browning of wounds”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding increased phenylpropanoid enzyme activity before healing.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- woundinge0
- Outcome
- phenylpropanoid enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“wounding increased phenylpropanoid enzymes activities before healing”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan caused higher enzyme activity than control during healing.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“chitosan caused higher enzyme activities for a significant healing effect compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer chitosan accelerates apple wound healing through phenylpropanoid activation and enzymatic browning.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Outcome
- wound healinge0
- Qualifier
- activating the phenylpropanoid pathway and stimulating enzymatic browninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chitosan accelerates apple wound healing by activating the phenylpropanoid pathway and stimulating enzymatic browning of wounds”
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See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.