Abstract
ABSTRACT Alternative control agents, including UV-type C (254 nm) irradiation, yeasts antagonistic to fungal growth, chitosan and harpin, were evaluated for their ability to induce resistance in cv. Red Delicious apple fruit against postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum. Freshly harvested and controlled atmosphere (CA)-stored fruit were treated with these agents at different doses and concentrations or with paired combinations of the agents. Treated fruit were inoculated with P. expansum 24, 48, or 96 h following treatment, and stored at 24 degrees C in the dark. The fruit were evaluated for development of disease every 2 days for 14 days by measuring the diameter of lesions that formed. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated and analyzed statistically. All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively. Regardless of treatment, fresh fruit were more responsive to treatments than CA-stored fruit. There was a clear time-dependent response of the fruit to the treatments, in which treatments applied 96 h before inoculation provided the best results. In a few situations, the combinations of agents did provide an additive effect, but no synergistic effects were detected. Moreover, disease severity in fruit treated by any combination was markedly better than that in the controls. Although the combinations of treatments was overall less effective than the single treatments, they did provide significant reductions of the progress of disease in comparison with the controls. Because the fungus did not come into contact with any of the control agents, this study showed conclusively that the agents studied were able to induce resistance in the fruit rather than merely inhibit the pathogen directly. It also showed, for the first time, that harpin is able to induce resistance in harvested apple fruit. The use of these control agents may minimize the costs of control strategies and reduce the risks associated with the excessive use of fungicides in harvested apple fruit.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
UV-C reduced blue mold disease progress area.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- UV-Ce0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansum
Penicillium expansume1pathogen - Outcome
- AUDPCe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively”
e1“blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
harpin reduced blue mold disease progress area.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- harpine0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume1pathogen
- Outcome
- AUDPCe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively”
e1“blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
chitosan reduced blue mold disease progress area.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- chitosane0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume1pathogen
- Outcome
- AUDPCe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively”
e1“blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
yeasts reduced blue mold disease progress area.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- yeastse0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume1pathogen
- Second interactor
- yeastse2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- AUDPCe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“All treatments were effective in reducing the AUDPC; UV-C was most effective, followed by harpin, chitosan, and the yeasts, respectively”
e1“blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum”
e2“yeasts antagonistic to fungal growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh fruit responded more to treatments than controlled atmosphere stored fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- responsive to treatmentse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- CA-stored fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh fruit were more responsive to treatments than CA-stored fruit”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment 96 h before inoculation gave the best results.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- treatments applied 96 h before inoculatione0
- Outcome
- best resultse0
- Direction
- beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments applied 96 h before inoculation provided the best results”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Some agent combinations produced additive effects.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- combinations of agentse0
- Outcome
- additive effecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a few situations, the combinations of agents did provide an additive effect”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
No synergistic effects were detected for combinations.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- no synergistic effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no synergistic effects were detected”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations reduced disease severity versus controls.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- any combinatione0
- Interactor
- Penicillium expansumPenicillium expansume2pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“disease severity in fruit treated by any combination was markedly better than that in the controls”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
e2“blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations were less effective overall than single treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- combinations of treatmentse0
- Outcome
- less effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Comparator
- single treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combinations of treatments was overall less effective than the single treatments”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Combinations significantly reduced disease progress versus controls.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- combinations of treatmentse1
- Outcome
- progress of diseasee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they did provide significant reductions of the progress of disease in comparison with the controls”
e1“combinations of treatments”
e2“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The agents induced fruit resistance without direct pathogen contact.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- control agentse0
- Outcome
- induce resistance in the fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fungus did not come into contact with any of the control agents, this study showed conclusively that the agents studied were able to induce resistance in the fruit rather than merely inhibit the pathogen directly”
e1“cv. Red Delicious apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Harpin induced resistance in harvested apple fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- harpine0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harpin is able to induce resistance in harvested apple fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest these agents may lower control costs and fungicide use risks.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- control agentse0
- Outcome
- minimize the costs of control strategies and reduce the risks associated with the excessive use of fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The use of these control agents may minimize the costs of control strategies and reduce the risks associated with the excessive use of fungicides in harvested apple fruit”
The same questions in other papers
chitosan · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →uv · Penicillium expansum · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.