Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient required by plants for various physiological processes. However, the accumulation of excessive Fe affects plant growth and agricultural productivity. In the present study, 250 iron tolerant bacteria (ITB) were isolated from 25 soil samples, screened for plant growth-promoting properties and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A pot study experiment using rice plants amended with three forms of Fe (FeSO4, FeCl3 and [Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2]) revealed the enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil, 64.25%–161.54% and 81.07%–124.46% in FeCl3 soil and 66.65%–159.60% and 69.04%–119.70% in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 compared to control and non-inoculated plants. Further, the ITB inoculated seedling showed enhanced N uptake 0-4 fold and P content 1-2 fold compared to control. Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot), FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold) and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 (2-5 and 0-2 fold). The estimation of and Fe2＋ and Fe3＋ revealed that Fe2+ uptake in the ITB inoculated roots and shoots of rice plant ranged to 4-7.85 ppm compared to control (0.55-18.36 ppm). Whereas the Fe3＋ uptake was ranged to 20.52-58.15 ppm in roots and 0.70-47.61 ppm in shoots compared to control (0.67-1.95 and 0.25-3.12 ppm). Enhanced chlorophyll contents (p ≤ 0.05) was also observed in the inoculated plants. The present study demonstrated that the inoculation of ITB improved the sequestration of Fe from the soils and mitigated the Fe stress in rice plants.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
In FeSO4 soil, inoculation enhanced rice root length by 42.67%–177.35%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 42.67%–177.35%e0
- Comparator
- control and non-inoculated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil”
t0“rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“compared to control and non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeSO4 soil, inoculation enhanced shoot length by 88.10%–119.19%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 88.10%–119.19%e0
- Comparator
- control and non-inoculated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil”
t0“rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“compared to control and non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeCl3 soil, inoculation enhanced root length by 64.25%–161.54%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FeCl3e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 64.25%–161.54%e0
- Comparator
- control and non-inoculated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64.25%–161.54% and 81.07%–124.46% in FeCl3 soil”
t0“rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil, 64.25%–161.54% and 81.07%–124.46% in FeCl3 soil and 66.65%–159.60% and 69.04%–119.70% in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 compared to control and non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeCl3 soil, inoculation enhanced shoot length by 81.07%–124.46%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- FeCl3e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 81.07%–124.46%e0
- Comparator
- control and non-inoculated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“64.25%–161.54% and 81.07%–124.46% in FeCl3 soil”
t0“rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil, 64.25%–161.54% and 81.07%–124.46% in FeCl3 soil and 66.65%–159.60% and 69.04%–119.70% in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 compared to control and non-inoculated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 soil, inoculation enhanced root length by 66.65%–159.60%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2e0
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 66.65%–159.60%e0
- Comparator
- control and non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“66.65%–159.60% and 69.04%–119.70% in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 compared to control and non-inoculated plants”
t0“rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil”
Claim · model-written summary
In Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 soil, inoculation enhanced shoot length by 69.04%–119.70%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2e0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 69.04%–119.70%e0
- Comparator
- control and non-inoculated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“66.65%–159.60% and 69.04%–119.70% in Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 compared to control and non-inoculated plants”
t0“rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“enhancement of root and shoot length ranged from 42.67%–177.35% and 88.10%–119.19% in FeSO4 amended soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated seedlings had enhanced N uptake by 0-4 fold.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ITB inoculatede0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 0-4 folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ITB inoculated seedling showed enhanced N uptake 0-4 fold and P content 1-2 fold compared to control”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated seedlings had enhanced P content by 1-2 fold.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ITB inoculatede0
- Outcome
- P contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1-2 folde0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the ITB inoculated seedling showed enhanced N uptake 0-4 fold and P content 1-2 fold compared to control”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeSO4 soil, inoculation enhanced Fe mobilization in roots by 2-4 fold.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- Fe mobilizatione0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 2-4 folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot)”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeSO4 soil, inoculation enhanced Fe mobilization in shoots by 2-3.5 fold.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Treatment
- FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- Fe mobilizatione0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
- Value
- 2-3.5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot)”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeCl3 soil, Fe mobilization increased 2.5-6 fold in roots.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- FeCl3e0
- Outcome
- Fe mobilizatione1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 2.5-6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold)”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot), FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
In FeCl3 soil, Fe mobilization increased 2-5 fold in shoots.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shoote1
- Treatment
- FeCl3e0
- Outcome
- Fe mobilizatione1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 2-5 folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold)”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot), FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 soil, Fe mobilization increased 2-5 fold in roots.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2e0
- Outcome
- Fe mobilizatione1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 2-5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 (2-5 and 0-2 fold)”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot), FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold) and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 (2-5 and 0-2 fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
In Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 soil, Fe mobilization increased 0-2 fold in shoots.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shoote1
- Treatment
- Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2e0
- Outcome
- Fe mobilizatione1
- Direction
- enhancemente1
- Value
- 0-2 folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 (2-5 and 0-2 fold)”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“Similar enhancement of Fe mobilization was also observed for soils amended with FeSO4 (2-4 fold in the root and 2-3.5 in the shoot), FeCl3 (2.5-6 and 2-5 fold) and Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 (2-5 and 0-2 fold)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated rice roots and shoots had Fe2+ uptake of 4-7.85 ppm versus 0.55-18.36 ppm in controls.
- Taxon
- rice plantOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ITB inoculatede0
- Outcome
- Fe2+ uptakee0
- Value
- 4-7.85 ppme0
- Qualifier
- 0.55-18.36 ppme0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe2+ uptake in the ITB inoculated roots and shoots of rice plant ranged to 4-7.85 ppm compared to control (0.55-18.36 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated roots had Fe3+ uptake of 20.52-58.15 ppm versus 0.67-1.95 ppm in controls.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- ITB inoculatede1
- Outcome
- Fe3＋ uptakee0
- Value
- 20.52-58.15 ppme0
- Qualifier
- 0.67-1.95e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe3＋ uptake was ranged to 20.52-58.15 ppm in roots and 0.70-47.61 ppm in shoots compared to control (0.67-1.95 and 0.25-3.12 ppm)”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“ITB inoculated roots and shoots of rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated shoots had Fe3+ uptake of 0.70-47.61 ppm versus 0.25-3.12 ppm in controls.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- ITB inoculatede1
- Outcome
- Fe3＋ uptakee0
- Value
- 0.70-47.61 ppme0
- Qualifier
- 0.25-3.12 ppme0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe3＋ uptake was ranged to 20.52-58.15 ppm in roots and 0.70-47.61 ppm in shoots compared to control (0.67-1.95 and 0.25-3.12 ppm)”
t0“rice seedlings”
e1“ITB inoculated roots and shoots of rice plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated plants had significantly enhanced chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- Enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced chlorophyll contents (p ≤ 0.05) was also observed in the inoculated plants”
t0“rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that ITB inoculation improved Fe sequestration and mitigated iron stress in rice.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- inoculation of ITBe0
- Outcome
- sequestration of Fe from the soilse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of ITB improved the sequestration of Fe from the soils and mitigated the Fe stress in rice plants”
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