Abstract
Rice ranks second among cereals in dietary uses around the world. Rice is deficient in iron (Fe), and these are important micronutrients for infants, men, and women. Fortification of rice with iron would help to minimize nutrient deficiency disorders among humans. The current study aims to introduce nutrient-rich rice. The effects of iron on germination, growth, photosynthetic pigment, antioxidant activity, and reduction of oxidative stress were investigated in four Oryza sativa L. cultivars. O. sativa of four different cultivars (Basmati-515, PK-386, KSK-133, and Basmati-198) were grown under five treatments (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mM) of iron sulphate (FeSO4) in soil of pH 7.5, along with control, by using six replicates. The result revealed that Fe treatment significantly affected seed germination percentage, plant growth parameters, biomass, photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids), antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity, and reduced oxidative stress. The findings also showed that Fe application reduced the oxidative stress including malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide, by increasing the antioxidant enzymatic activity, i.e., catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (proline, amino acid, total soluble protein, phenolics, flavonoids, reducing-non-reducing sugar, and carbohydrates) in all cultivars of O. sativa. Furthermore, FeSO4 induced a significant increase in proline, free amino acid, and total carbohydrates in the leaves of all O. sativa cultivars, but Basmati-198 showed the significantly highest content by 169, 88, and 110%, respectively, at concentration of 500 mM. The present research work showed that soil application of FeSO4 improved the seed germination, plant growth, and antioxidants enzymatic and non-enzymatic activity, denatured the ROS (reactive oxygen species) in alkaline soil. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms, long-term field investigations should be carried out at the molecular level to examine patterns of iron uptake and plant growth.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of FeSO4 improved seed germination compared with the control in alkaline soil.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- soil application of FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- controle1
- Setting
- soil of pH 7.5e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e0“soil application of FeSO4 improved the seed germination”
e1“in soil of pH 7.5, along with control”
Claim · model-written summary
FeSO4 significantly increased proline, free amino acid and total carbohydrates in the leaves of all rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- O. sativaOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- FeSO4e1
- Outcome
- proline, free amino acid, and total carbohydratese1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e1“FeSO4 induced a significant increase in proline, free amino acid, and total carbohydrates in the leaves of all O. sativa cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Basmati-198 showed the significantly highest content of proline, free amino acid and total carbohydrates at 500 mM FeSO4.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Material
- Basmati-198e2
- Treatment
- 500 mMe2
- Outcome
- contente2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 169, 88, and 110%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e2“Basmati-198 showed the significantly highest content by 169, 88, and 110%, respectively, at concentration of 500 mM”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application reduced oxidative stress, including malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide, in rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe applicatione3
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Qualifier
- including malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxidee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e3“Fe application reduced the oxidative stress including malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application increased antioxidant enzymatic activity, including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, in rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe applicatione3
- Gene
- catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidasee4
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymatic activitye4
- Direction
- increasinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e3“Fe application reduced the oxidative stress including malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide”
e4“by increasing the antioxidant enzymatic activity, i.e., catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe application increased non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds in rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe applicatione3
- Outcome
- non-enzymatic antioxidant compoundse5
- Direction
- increasinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e3“Fe application reduced the oxidative stress including malondialdehyde content and hydrogen peroxide”
e4“by increasing the antioxidant enzymatic activity”
e5“and non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (proline, amino acid, total soluble protein, phenolics, flavonoids, reducing-non-reducing sugar, and carbohydrates)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe treatment significantly affected photosynthetic pigments of the rice cultivars; direction not stated.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Fe treatmente6
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids)e6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e6“Fe treatment significantly affected seed germination percentage, plant growth parameters, biomass, photosynthetic pigments (chl a, chl b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil application of FeSO4 improved plant growth of the rice cultivars.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- soil application of FeSO4e0
- Outcome
- plant growthe6
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e0“soil application of FeSO4 improved the seed germination”
e6“Fe treatment significantly affected seed germination percentage, plant growth parameters, biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend long-term field investigations at the molecular level to examine iron uptake and plant growth.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- long-term field investigationse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Oryza sativa L. Cultivars”
e7“long-term field investigations should be carried out at the molecular level to examine patterns of iron uptake and plant growth”
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