Abstract
Salt stress hinders plant growth and disrupts many physio-biochemical and molecular processes. The present study evaluated the potential role of foliar applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity in rice plants. Our findings showed that salt stress reduced several growth and physiological parameters, and substantially increased oxidative stress in rice seedlings. The foliar application of EBR replenished the negative effects of salt stress by improving plant growth and physiological attributes in rice plants. Moreover, application of EBR substantially reduced oxidative injuries by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds in rice plants during salt stress. Interestingly, the endogenous ABA levels were declined in stressed plants by EBR treatment, also validated by expression analysis of ABA-related genes. In addition, application of EBR upregulated carotenoids and flavonoids pathway genes, thus showing its function to activate secondary metabolism in rice plants during salt stress. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that, under salt stress, the response of EBR-treated rice plants was strongly correlated with the accumulation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Collectively, this study presents useful insight into the distinct role of EBR by activating underlying enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms to mitigate salinity in rice plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced growth and physiological parameters in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- growth and physiological parameterse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress reduced several growth and physiological parameters, and substantially increased oxidative stress in rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress substantially increased oxidative stress in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress reduced several growth and physiological parameters, and substantially increased oxidative stress in rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar EBR improved growth and physiological attributes under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- foliar application of EBRe0
- Outcome
- plant growth and physiological attributese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The foliar application of EBR replenished the negative effects of salt stress by improving plant growth and physiological attributes in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR reduced oxidative injuries during salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of EBRe0
- Outcome
- oxidative injuriese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- during salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of EBR substantially reduced oxidative injuries by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds in rice plants during salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR enhanced antioxidant enzymes during salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of EBRe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- during salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of EBR substantially reduced oxidative injuries by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds in rice plants during salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR enhanced phenolic compounds during salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of EBRe0
- Outcome
- phenolic compoundse0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Qualifier
- during salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of EBR substantially reduced oxidative injuries by enhancing antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds in rice plants during salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR reduced endogenous ABA levels in stressed plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- EBR treatmente0
- Outcome
- endogenous ABA levelse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- stressed plantse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the endogenous ABA levels were declined in stressed plants by EBR treatment”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression analysis of ABA-related genes supported the ABA response to EBR.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- ABA-related genese0
- Outcome
- expression analysis of ABA-related genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“also validated by expression analysis of ABA-related genes”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR upregulated carotenoid pathway genes under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of EBRe0
- Gene
- carotenoidse0
- Outcome
- carotenoids and flavonoids pathway genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- during salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of EBR upregulated carotenoids and flavonoids pathway genes, thus showing its function to activate secondary metabolism in rice plants during salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR upregulated flavonoid pathway genes under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- application of EBRe0
- Gene
- flavonoids pathway genese0
- Outcome
- flavonoids pathway genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
- Qualifier
- during salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of EBR upregulated carotenoids and flavonoids pathway genes, thus showing its function to activate secondary metabolism in rice plants during salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, the EBR response was strongly correlated with phenolic compound accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- EBR-treatede0
- Compound
- phenolic compoundse0
- Outcome
- response of EBR-treated rice plantse0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under salt stress, the response of EBR-treated rice plants was strongly correlated with the accumulation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, the EBR response was strongly correlated with flavonoid accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- EBR-treatede0
- Compound
- flavonoidse0
- Outcome
- response of EBR-treated rice plantse0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under salt stress, the response of EBR-treated rice plants was strongly correlated with the accumulation of phenolic compounds and flavonoids”
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