Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) have received much research attention for their ability to mediate response to biotic and abiotic stress, with potential to counter the cadmium (Cd) toxicity in plants. Decreases in plant height and biomass in Cd-treated seedlings were alleviated by brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application, which has a negative effect on root growth. The Cd concentration significantly decreased in the roots and shoots under 24-EBL application, and high 24-EBL (0.1 µM) treatment was optimal for alleviating the deleterious effect of Cd stress. Fe and Mn accumulation in the 24-EBL-applied conditions resulted in an increase and decrease in rice varieties under Cd exposure, respectively. Additionally, 24-EBL improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress, decreased the nicotianamine (NA) content in shoots, and increased root NA accumulation. In molecular regulation, 24-EBL could directly alter the expression of Cd uptake/transport-related genes in the roots, including up-regulation of OsNRAMP1 and down-regulation of OsNRAMP5 and OsHMA2. The expression of genes involved in Fe homeostasis, including OsIRT1, OsNAS3, OsNAAT1, OsYSL2, OsYSL15, and OsTOM1, was up-regulated following 24-EBL application under Cd stress due to Fe accumulation and Cd-Fe antagonism. In addition, 24-EBL decreased the expression of OsHMA2, OsYSL2, and OsYSL15 in leaves, suggesting that BRs might inhibit Cd and Fe transport from roots to shoots. These novel findings highlight the critical role of BRs in mediating response of rice varieties to Cd exposure through their direct regulatory effects on Cd translocation and indirect effects on Fe metabolism.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL alleviated cadmium induced decreases in plant height and biomass.
- Taxon
- rice plants
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant height and biomasse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- Cd-treated seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“Decreases in plant height and biomass in Cd-treated seedlings were alleviated by brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL negatively affected root growth.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe1
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“which has a negative effect on root growth”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL significantly decreased root and shoot Cd concentrations.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- roots and shootse0
- Treatment
- 24-EBL applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“The Cd concentration significantly decreased in the roots and shoots under 24-EBL application”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
High 24-EBL at 0.1 µM was optimal for alleviating Cd stress.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- high 24-EBL (0.1 µM) treatmente0
- Outcome
- deleterious effect of Cd stresse0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“high 24-EBL (0.1 µM) treatment was optimal for alleviating the deleterious effect of Cd stress”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL increased Fe accumulation under Cd exposure.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBL-applied conditionse0
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“Fe and Mn accumulation in the 24-EBL-applied conditions resulted in an increase and decrease in rice varieties under Cd exposure, respectively”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL decreased Mn accumulation under Cd exposure.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBL-applied conditionse0
- Outcome
- Mn accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- under Cd exposuree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“Fe and Mn accumulation in the 24-EBL-applied conditions resulted in an increase and decrease in rice varieties under Cd exposure, respectively”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL improved antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe0
- Outcome
- activity of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“24-EBL improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL reduced oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe0
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“24-EBL improved the activity of antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL decreased shoot nicotianamine content.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe1
- Outcome
- nicotianamine (NA) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“decreased the nicotianamine (NA) content in shoots”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL increased root nicotianamine accumulation.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe1
- Outcome
- root NA accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“increased root NA accumulation”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL upregulated root OsNRAMP1.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe1
- Gene
- OsNRAMP1e0
- Outcome
- up-regulatione0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“up-regulation of OsNRAMP1”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL downregulated root OsNRAMP5 and OsHMA2.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe1
- Gene
- OsNRAMP5 and OsHMA2e0
- Outcome
- down-regulatione0
- Direction
- down-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“down-regulation of OsNRAMP5 and OsHMA2”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL upregulated Fe homeostasis genes under Cd stress.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-EBL applicatione0
- Gene
- OsIRT1, OsNAS3, OsNAAT1, OsYSL2, OsYSL15, and OsTOM1e0
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in Fe homeostasise0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“The expression of genes involved in Fe homeostasis, including OsIRT1, OsNAS3, OsNAAT1, OsYSL2, OsYSL15, and OsTOM1, was up-regulated following 24-EBL application under Cd stress”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
Claim · model-written summary
24-EBL decreased leaf expression of OsHMA2, OsYSL2 and OsYSL15.
- Taxon
- rice plantsOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- 24-EBLe0
- Gene
- OsHMA2, OsYSL2, and OsYSL15e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice plants”
e0“24-EBL decreased the expression of OsHMA2, OsYSL2, and OsYSL15 in leaves”
e1“brassinosteroid analog 24-epibrassinolide (24-EBL) application”
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