Abstract
Rice is a worldwide cultivated crop that serves as an important source of food for the human population, but it is also the simplest route for arsenic (As) contamination of the food chain. The As inorganic forms, arsenate [As(V)] and arsenite [As(III)], are the highly toxic As species found in the soil and the most easily absorbed by the roots. The absorption of As(V) prevails in aerobic soils while that of As(III) is favored in anaerobic soils. As(V) is converted to As(III) in the roots, although small amounts of As(V) also remain in the plant organs. The root system is the first target of the action of both As forms. The mechanisms of action of As(V) and As(III) are still widely unknown. Understanding them is essential for selecting rice genotypes with a lower capacity of As uptake and transport to the caryopses, thus improving food safety. Auxin is the phytohormone necessary for the development and plasticity of the root system, and its action is modulated by endogenous/exogenous brassinosteroids (BRs), mainly under stress conditions. The research aim was to deepen the knowledge of the mechanisms triggered by As(III) or As(V) in rice roots with particular attention to the role played by the interaction between auxin transport and BRs. We show that As(III) is the main As species present in rice roots regardless of the As(III) or As(V) forms supplied to the growing medium. Arsenic alters auxin distribution in both adventitious and lateral roots, but strongly in the latter ones. The application of an exogenous BR, the 24-epibrassinolide (eBL), combined with As(III) or As(V) strongly increases the expression of the OsPIN2 and OsAUX1 genes involved in auxin transport, thus contributing to restore the correct auxin distribution altered by As, and mainly by As(III), with higher effects on the LRs. Moreover, eBL increases the antioxidant activity in the roots in the presence of As, but only when combined with As(V).
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
As(III) was the main arsenic species in rice roots when As(III) was supplied.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- As(III)e0
- Outcome
- main As species present in rice rootse0
- Qualifier
- regardless of the As(III) or As(V) forms supplied to the growing mediume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“As(III) is the main As species present in rice roots regardless of the As(III) or As(V) forms supplied to the growing medium.”
Claim · model-written summary
As(III) was the main arsenic species in rice roots when As(V) was supplied.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- As(V)e0
- Outcome
- main As species present in rice rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“As(III) is the main As species present in rice roots regardless of the As(III) or As(V) forms supplied to the growing medium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic altered auxin distribution in adventitious rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- adventitiouse0
- Treatment
- Arsenice0
- Outcome
- auxin distributione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“Arsenic alters auxin distribution in both adventitious and lateral roots, but strongly in the latter ones.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenic strongly altered auxin distribution in lateral rice roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- lateral rootse0
- Treatment
- Arsenice0
- Outcome
- auxin distributione0
- Qualifier
- strongly in the latter onese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“Arsenic alters auxin distribution in both adventitious and lateral roots, but strongly in the latter ones.”
Claim · model-written summary
eBL combined with As(III) strongly increased OsPIN2 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 24-epibrassinolide (eBL), combined with As(III)e0
- Gene
- OsPIN2e0
- Outcome
- expression of the OsPIN2e0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“The application of an exogenous BR, the 24-epibrassinolide (eBL), combined with As(III) or As(V) strongly increases the expression of the OsPIN2 and OsAUX1 genes involved in auxin transport”
Claim · model-written summary
eBL combined with As(V) strongly increased OsPIN2 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- eBLe0
- Gene
- OsPIN2e0
- Outcome
- expression of the OsPIN2e0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- As(V)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“The application of an exogenous BR, the 24-epibrassinolide (eBL), combined with As(III) or As(V) strongly increases the expression of the OsPIN2 and OsAUX1 genes involved in auxin transport”
Claim · model-written summary
eBL combined with As(III) strongly increased OsAUX1 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- eBLe0
- Gene
- OsAUX1e0
- Outcome
- OsAUX1 genese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- As(III)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“The application of an exogenous BR, the 24-epibrassinolide (eBL), combined with As(III) or As(V) strongly increases the expression of the OsPIN2 and OsAUX1 genes involved in auxin transport”
Claim · model-written summary
eBL combined with As(V) strongly increased OsAUX1 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- eBLe0
- Gene
- OsAUX1e0
- Outcome
- OsAUX1 genese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- As(V)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“The application of an exogenous BR, the 24-epibrassinolide (eBL), combined with As(III) or As(V) strongly increases the expression of the OsPIN2 and OsAUX1 genes involved in auxin transport”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute restoration of arsenic-altered auxin distribution to eBL-induced auxin transport gene expression, particularly in lateral roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- correct auxin distributione0
- Qualifier
- with higher effects on the LRse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“thus contributing to restore the correct auxin distribution altered by As, and mainly by As(III), with higher effects on the LRs.”
Claim · model-written summary
eBL increased root antioxidant activity in the presence of As(V).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- eBLe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activity in the rootse0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- only when combined with As(V)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice roots”
e0“eBL increases the antioxidant activity in the roots in the presence of As, but only when combined with As(V).”
The same questions in other papers
arsenic atom · physiology: hormones · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
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- positive
- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · molecular: expression · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.