Abstract
Broad-spectrum high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are the standard for greenhouse supplemental lighting. However, narrow-spectra light-emitting diodes (LEDs) offer potential benefits for enhancing growth, photosynthesis ( P n ), and secondary metabolites in culinary herbs. Our objective was to quantify the effect of supplemental light source and spectra on growth, gas exchange, aroma, and flavor of culinary herbs. Basil ( Ocimum basilicum ‘Nufar’), dill ( Anethum graveolens ‘Fernleaf’), and parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ‘Giant of Italy’) were transplanted into hydroponic systems in a glass-glazed greenhouse. Plants were provided with a supplemental photosynthetic photon flux ( PPF ) density of 100 μmol·m −2 ·s –1 from an HPS lamp or LEDs with a low blue (B) to red (R) light ratio of 7:93 [low blue (LB)] or high B:R at 30:70 [high blue (HB)]. Compared with plants grown under HPS lamps, basil grown under LB and HB LED lighting was shorter, while only HB-grown parsley was shorter; height of dill was unaffected by light source. Basil and parsley shoot fresh weight was lower for HB-treated plants compared with HPS, though dill was unaffected by supplemental light source. Shoot dry mass of basil, dill, and parsley was unaffected by light source. Both LED treatments increased P n for basil and parsley compared with HPS-grown plants. Stomatal conductance ( g S ) was higher under LB and HB for basil compared with HPS in the morning and evening, but only HB-treated parsley was higher than HPS lighting in morning. Basil grown under LB, and parsley under both LEDs had lower chlorophyll fluorescence than those under HPS by the evening, but all three species had more chlorophyll b under LB light than HPS. Essential oil and phenolic accumulation were influenced by supplemental light treatment and responses varied among species. Lighting from LEDs resulted in a 2-fold increase in orientin and myristicin for basil and dill, respectively, while HB increased dillapiole concentration by 89% compared with HPS-grown dill. Notably, quercetin concentration was 2.8 times higher in dill grown under HB compared with HPS. Myrcene increased in all three species under either one (basil HB; dill LB) or both (parsley) LED lights compared with HPS. The increased content of aromatic and flavor compounds demonstrates the potential of supplemental lighting systems using specific wavelengths to add value; but the use of supplemental lighting requires an understanding of the additional stress on the photosynthetic mechanisms and the subsequent effect on biomass accumulation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Basil under low-blue and high-blue LED supplemental lighting was shorter than basil under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- basil
Ocimum basilicume0 - Treatment
- LB and HB LED lightinge0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- HPS lampse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with plants grown under HPS lamps, basil grown under LB and HB LED lighting was shorter”
Claim · model-written summary
Parsley was shorter only under high-blue LED lighting than under HPS lamps.
- Taxon
- parsley
Petroselinum crispume0 - Treatment
- HBe0
- Outcome
- shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Comparator
- HPS lampse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with plants grown under HPS lamps, basil grown under LB and HB LED lighting was shorter, while only HB-grown parsley was shorter”
Claim · model-written summary
Dill height was unaffected by supplemental light source.
- Taxon
- dill
Anethum graveolense0 - Treatment
- light sourcee0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- HPS lampse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with plants grown under HPS lamps, basil grown under LB and HB LED lighting was shorter, while only HB-grown parsley was shorter; height of dill was unaffected by light source”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil shoot fresh weight was lower under high-blue LED lighting than under HPS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basil and parsley shoot fresh weight was lower for HB-treated plants compared with HPS, though dill was unaffected by supplemental light source”
Claim · model-written summary
Parsley shoot fresh weight was lower under high-blue LED lighting than under HPS.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume0
- Treatment
- HBe0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- HPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basil and parsley shoot fresh weight was lower for HB-treated plants compared with HPS, though dill was unaffected by supplemental light source”
Claim · model-written summary
Dill shoot fresh weight was unaffected by supplemental light source.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense0
- Treatment
- supplemental light sourcee0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh weighte0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- HPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basil and parsley shoot fresh weight was lower for HB-treated plants compared with HPS, though dill was unaffected by supplemental light source”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry mass of basil, dill and parsley was unaffected by light source.
- Taxon
- basil, dill, and parsleyPetroselinum crispumOcimum basilicumAnethum graveolense0
- Treatment
- light sourcee0
- Outcome
- Shoot dry masse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot dry mass of basil, dill, and parsley was unaffected by light source”
Claim · model-written summary
Both LED treatments increased net photosynthesis (Pn) of basil and parsley compared with HPS-grown plants.
- Taxon
- basil and parsleyPetroselinum crispumOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- Both LED treatmentse0
- Outcome
- P ne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- HPS-grown plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both LED treatments increased P n for basil and parsley compared with HPS-grown plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil stomatal conductance was higher under low-blue and high-blue LEDs than under HPS in the morning and evening.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- LB and HBe0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in the morning and eveninge0
- Comparator
- HPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance ( g S ) was higher under LB and HB for basil compared with HPS in the morning and evening, but only HB-treated parsley was higher than HPS lighting in morning”
Claim · model-written summary
Parsley stomatal conductance was higher than under HPS only with high-blue LEDs and only in the morning.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume0
- Treatment
- HBe0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in morninge0
- Comparator
- HPS lightinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance ( g S ) was higher under LB and HB for basil compared with HPS in the morning and evening, but only HB-treated parsley was higher than HPS lighting in morning”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil under low-blue LEDs had lower chlorophyll fluorescence than under HPS by the evening.
- Taxon
- BasilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- LBe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- by the eveninge0
- Comparator
- HPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basil grown under LB, and parsley under both LEDs had lower chlorophyll fluorescence than those under HPS by the evening”
Claim · model-written summary
Parsley under both LED treatments had lower chlorophyll fluorescence than under HPS by the evening.
- Taxon
- parsleyPetroselinum crispume0
- Treatment
- both LEDse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll fluorescencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- by the eveninge0
- Comparator
- HPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basil grown under LB, and parsley under both LEDs had lower chlorophyll fluorescence than those under HPS by the evening”
Claim · model-written summary
All three species (basil, dill, parsley) had more chlorophyll b under low-blue light than under HPS.
Verbatim
e0“all three species had more chlorophyll b under LB light than HPS”
Claim · model-written summary
LED lighting gave a 2-fold increase in orientin in basil.
- Taxon
- basilOcimum basilicume0
- Treatment
- Lighting from LEDse0
- Outcome
- orientine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lighting from LEDs resulted in a 2-fold increase in orientin and myristicin for basil and dill, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
LED lighting gave a 2-fold increase in myristicin in dill.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense0
- Treatment
- Lighting from LEDse0
- Outcome
- myristicine0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 2-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lighting from LEDs resulted in a 2-fold increase in orientin and myristicin for basil and dill, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
High-blue LED lighting increased dillapiole concentration in dill by 89% compared with HPS-grown dill.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense0
- Treatment
- HBe0
- Outcome
- dillapiole concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 89%e0
- Comparator
- HPS-grown dille0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HB increased dillapiole concentration by 89% compared with HPS-grown dill”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin concentration was 2.8 times higher in dill grown under high-blue LEDs than under HPS.
- Taxon
- dillAnethum graveolense0
- Treatment
- HBe0
- Outcome
- quercetin concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.8 timese0
- Comparator
- HPSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quercetin concentration was 2.8 times higher in dill grown under HB compared with HPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Myrcene increased in all three species under LED lights compared with HPS: under one LED (basil high-blue, dill low-blue) or both (parsley).
Verbatim
e0“Myrcene increased in all three species under either one (basil HB; dill LB) or both (parsley) LED lights compared with HPS”
Claim · model-written summary
Essential oil and phenolic accumulation were influenced by supplemental light treatment, with responses varying among species.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Essential oil and phenolic accumulation were influenced by supplemental light treatment and responses varied among species”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the increased content of aromatic and flavor compounds shows the potential of supplemental lighting with specific wavelengths to add value.
- Outcome
- potential of supplemental lighting systems using specific wavelengths to add valuee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The increased content of aromatic and flavor compounds demonstrates the potential of supplemental lighting systems using specific wavelengths to add value”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Petroselinum crispum (parsley)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
light · growth · Anethum graveolens (dill)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →light · physiology: photosynthesis · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →light · molecular: metabolites · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
19 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →light · growth · Ocimum basilicum (basil)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →light · molecular: metabolites · Anethum graveolens (dill)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.