Effects of PGPR on Micronutrients Availability in Soil and Its Translocation in Rice under Loamy Sand Textured Soil

Abstract

The field experiment was conducted on effects of PGPR on micronutrients availability in soil and its translocation in rice under loamy sand textured soil during kharif season of the year 2018 at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design, comprising twelve treatment combinations of different levels of Fe and Zn with or without Bio NPK consortium (PGPR) with three replications. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, low in organic carbon, medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus, high in available potassium and deficient in available Zn and Fe. The experimental results revealed that theapplication of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12) recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield, N uptake by straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw. Maximum Fe content in grain of rice recorded with the application of RDF + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T8). Whereas, in case of Fe content in straw and Zn content in grain and straw of rice, significantly higher with the application of RDF + 100% Zn + 100% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T10). With respect to uptake, significantly higher Fe and Zn uptake by grain and straw, Mn uptake by straw and Cu uptake by grain of rice was observed with the application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12). The soil available N, P2O5, K2O, S, Zn and Mn after harvest of rice crop were influenced due to different treatments but did not reach the level of significance. Maximum Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB and KMB population of soil was found in treatment T12 (RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium) over control. Thus, the beneficial effect of PGPR was observed to increase rice yield as well as Fe and Zn content in rice.

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Claims 13

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher rice grain and straw yield.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: grain and straw yielde0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Oryza sativa* · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12) recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield, N uptake by straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 695–878 · show in text ↑

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 80–84 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher N uptake by rice straw.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: N uptake by strawe0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12) recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield, N uptake by straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 695–878 · show in text ↑

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 80–84 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher K uptake by rice grain.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: K uptake by graine0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12) recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield, N uptake by straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 695–878 · show in text ↑

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 80–84 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher S uptake by rice grain and straw.

Taxon: riceOryza sativat0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: S uptake by grain and strawe0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12) recorded significantly higher grain and straw yield, N uptake by straw, K uptake by grain, S uptake by grain and straw.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 695–878 · show in text ↑

t0
“Rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 80–84 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T8 gave maximum Fe content in rice grain.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T8)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: Fe content in graine0
Direction: Maximume0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Maximum Fe content in grain of rice recorded with the application of RDF + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T8).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 879–987 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T10 gave significantly higher Fe content in rice straw.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: RDF + 100% Zn + 100% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T10)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: Fe content in strawe0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Fe content in straw and Zn content in grain and straw of rice, significantly higher with the application of RDF + 100% Zn + 100% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T10).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1008–1167 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T10 gave significantly higher Zn content in rice grain and straw.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: RDF + 100% Zn + 100% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T10)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: Zn content in grain and strawe0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“Fe content in straw and Zn content in grain and straw of rice, significantly higher with the application of RDF + 100% Zn + 100% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T10).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1008–1167 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher Fe and Zn uptake by rice grain and straw.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: Fe and Zn uptake by grain and strawe0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“significantly higher Fe and Zn uptake by grain and straw, Mn uptake by straw and Cu uptake by grain of rice was observed with the application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1192–1386 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher Mn uptake by rice straw.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: Mn uptake by strawe0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“significantly higher Fe and Zn uptake by grain and straw, Mn uptake by straw and Cu uptake by grain of rice was observed with the application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1192–1386 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 gave significantly higher Cu uptake by rice grain.

Taxon: riceOryza sativae0
Treatment: RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12)e0
Interactor: Bio NPK consortiume0symbiont
Outcome: Cu uptake by graine0
Direction: highere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“significantly higher Fe and Zn uptake by grain and straw, Mn uptake by straw and Cu uptake by grain of rice was observed with the application of RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium (T12).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1192–1386 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatments influenced postharvest soil N, P2O5, and K2O availability without reaching significance.

Treatment: different treatmentse0
Outcome: soil available N, P2O5, K2Oe0

Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“The soil available N, P2O5, K2O, S, Zn and Mn after harvest of rice crop were influenced due to different treatments but did not reach the level of significance.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1387–1548 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Treatments influenced postharvest soil S, Zn, and Mn availability without reaching significance.

Treatment: different treatmentse0
Outcome: S, Zn and Mne0

Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection

Verbatim

e0
“The soil available N, P2O5, K2O, S, Zn and Mn after harvest of rice crop were influenced due to different treatments but did not reach the level of significance.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1387–1548 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

T12 had the maximum soil populations of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB, and KMB relative to control.

Treatment: T12 (RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium)e0
Outcome: Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB and KMB population of soile0
Direction: Maximume0
Comparator: controle0

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“Maximum Azotobacter, Azospirillum, PSB and KMB population of soil was found in treatment T12 (RDF + 75% Zn + 75% Fe + Bio NPK consortium) over control.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1549–1700 · show in text ↑

iron atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

71 papers: 57 positive, 14 negative or no effect

56 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Iron toxicity reduced rice yields by 16–78 %, averaging 43 %.
Rice Yield Gap due to Iron Toxicity in West Africa · 2008 · compared with referential yield obtained in a non‐iron‐toxic site
Opposite direction
no effect
Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or Se did not affect rice grain yield.
Simultaneous Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment of a Micronutrient Cocktail in Five Countries · 2020 · compared with local control (LC)
Opposite direction
negative
Iron toxicity reduced rice grain yield by 34.2% in the field.
Tolerance of rice germplasm to iron toxicity stress and the relationship between tolerance, Fe²⁺, P and K content in the leaves and roots · 2012
Opposite direction

67 papers more in this group

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zinc atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

276 papers: 254 positive, 22 negative or no effect

253 papers in the same direction as this paper · 21 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Zn only partially impaired Cd accumulation in rice shoots.
Kinetic Analysis of Zinc/Cadmium Reciprocal Competitions Suggests a Possible Zn-Insensitive Pathway for Root-to-Shoot Cadmium Translocation in Rice · 2016
Opposite direction
no effect
Under excess Zn, rice plants with Fe plaque had higher Fe concentrations than plants without plaque, a difference that was not significant.
Effect of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth of plants in excess zinc and accumulation of phosphorus in plants in excess copper or nickel · 1995 · compared with plants without plaque
Opposite direction
no effect
Soil zinc did not influence plant iron concentrations in shoot or grain.
Growth components and zinc recovery efficiency of upland rice genotypes · 2005
Opposite direction

272 papers more in this group

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zinc atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

419 papers: 389 positive, 30 negative or no effect

388 papers in the same direction as this paper · 28 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Foliar-applied Zn, I, Fe or Se did not affect rice grain yield.
Simultaneous Biofortification of Rice With Zinc, Iodine, Iron and Selenium Through Foliar Treatment of a Micronutrient Cocktail in Five Countries · 2020 · compared with local control (LC)
Opposite direction
negative
Foliar Zn application at a late stage was not as effective as soil application in increasing yield attributes and yield of rice.
Relative Efficiency of Zinc-Coated Urea and Soil and Foliar Application of Zinc Sulphate on Yield, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc and Iron Biofortification in Grains and Uptake by Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.) · 2015 · compared with soil application
Opposite direction
no effect
Following green manure, reduced P, K, S and Zn doses did not reduce T. Aman yield.
Long‐Term Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice‐Based Cropping Pattern: Effect on Growth, Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Nutrient Balance Sheet, and Soil Fertility · 2007
Opposite direction

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iron atom · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

5 papers: 3 positive, 2 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

negative
MIT knock out resulted in a lethal phenotype in rice.
Identification and characterization of the major mitochondrial Fe transporter in rice · 2011
Opposite direction
negative
High iron doses generally had toxic effects on genotypes.
Iron Toxicity, Tolerance, and Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) · 2023
Opposite direction
positive
Increasing Fe-EDTA reduced the toxicity effects of cadmium in CdCl2-treated rice.
The Influence of Cadmium Toxicity on Some Physiological Parameters as Affected by Iron in Rice (Oryza SativaL.) Plant · 2014
Same direction

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iron atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

89 papers: 64 positive, 25 negative or no effect

63 papers in the same direction as this paper · 24 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Iron presence increased cadmium translocation to rice shoots.
Iron deficiency enhances cadmium uptake and translocation mediated by the Fe²⁺transporters OsIRT1 and OsIRT2 in rice · 2006
Opposite direction
negative
Removing iron led to very low shoot and root iron concentration.
Physiological and Transcriptome Analysis of Iron and Phosphorus Interaction in Rice Seedlings · 2009
Opposite direction
negative
OsNAS2 activation raised Fe content in mature rice seeds 3.0-fold.
Activation of Rice nicotianamine synthase 2 (OsNAS2) Enhances Iron Availability for Biofortification · 2012
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round

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zinc atom · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

3 papers: 3 positive, 0 negative or no effect

2 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
The 30 kg Zn/ha dose markedly decreased stem borer infestation.
Effects of Zinc fertilizer application on the incidence of rice stem borers (Scirpophaga species) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop · 2011
Same direction
positive
T4 zinc treatment reduced vegetative rice borer damage by 47.69% over control, with 7.60% mean damage.
Zinc Induced Resistant against Yellow Stem Borer (Scirpophaga incertulas, Walker) in Rice · 2024 · compared with control
Same direction

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fertilization · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

66 papers: 53 positive, 13 negative or no effect

52 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction

negative
Inorganic fertilisers gave significantly higher mosquito immature densities than organic manures.
Effects of organic and inorganic fertilisers on mosquito populations in rice fields of southern India · 2000 · compared with organic manures
Opposite direction
negative
Infestation of stemborer was higher with NPK plus Zn than with exclusive organic practices in rice.
STUDIES ON PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING AND CHEMICAL FARMING IN RAINY SEASON RICE · 2014 · compared with exclusive organic practices
Opposite direction
negative
Brown planthopper populations increased with nitrogen fertilizer application in rice field experiments.
Nitrogen input reduces the physical defense of rice plant against planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) · 2024
Opposite direction

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fertilization · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

993 papers: 932 positive, 61 negative or no effect

931 papers in the same direction as this paper · 56 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
High nitrogen fertilization reduced silicon accumulation in rice leaves.
Interactions between Nitrogen and Silicon in Rice and Their Effects on Resistance toward the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens · 2017
Opposite direction
no effect
Rice nitrogen uptake did not differ significantly between conventional and controlled-release urea.
Impact of controlled-release urea on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and soil fertility in a single rice cropping system · 2020 · compared with U
Opposite direction
no effect
Mean mineral content generally did not differ with fertilizer input.
Effects of Organic Fertility Management on Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Quality of Diverse Rice Cultivars · 2007
Opposite direction

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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 13

The same questions in other papers

iron atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

zinc atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

zinc atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

iron atom · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

iron atom · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

zinc atom · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

fertilization · pest · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

fertilization · nutrient: content · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results