Abstract
Postharvest treatments such as wounding, ultrasound (US) and the exogenous application of ethylene (ET) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) have been studied as an effective tool to improve the content of secondary metabolites in fresh produce. The present study evaluated the immediate and late response (storage for 72 h at 15 °C) to US treatment (20 min, frequency 24 kHz, amplitude 100 μm) alone and combined with exogenous MJ (250 ppm) and/or ET (1000 ppm) on glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid content in broccoli florets. US treatment increased the extractability of glucosinolates [glucoraphanin (795%), 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (153%), glucobrassicin (78.6%)] and phenolics [1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (57.23%)] as compared with the control (CT). The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage. Interestingly, when the three stressors were applied together the synergistic effect of US + MJ observed on the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics was repressed. In general, the ascorbic acid content was not affected by US treatment and decreased in most samples during storage. However, when MJ + ET were applied, the content of total ascorbic acid was significantly reduced in CT + MJ + ET and US + MJ + ET samples after 72 h of storage by 53.4% and 86.6%, respectively, as compared with CT 0 h samples. Based on the results herein obtained, the application of US can be an effective tool to enhance the extractability of certain glucocosinolate and phenolic compounds in broccoli. Moreover, due to the synergistic effect observed on the accumulation of bioactive compounds, the combined application of US and MJ could be a practical approach to yield higher levels of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in broccoli during storage.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased glucoraphanin in broccoli florets relative to the control by 795%.
- Taxon
- broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Treatment
- US treatmente1
- Outcome
- glucoraphanine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 795%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e1“US treatment increased the extractability of glucosinolates [glucoraphanin (795%), 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (153%), glucobrassicin (78.6%)] and phenolics [1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (57.23%)] as compared with the control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin in broccoli florets relative to the control by 153%.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- US treatmente1
- Outcome
- 4-hydroxy glucobrassicine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 153%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e1“US treatment increased the extractability of glucosinolates [glucoraphanin (795%), 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (153%), glucobrassicin (78.6%)] and phenolics [1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (57.23%)] as compared with the control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased glucobrassicin in broccoli florets relative to the control by 78.6%.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- US treatmente1
- Outcome
- glucobrassicine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 78.6%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e1“US treatment increased the extractability of glucosinolates [glucoraphanin (795%), 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (153%), glucobrassicin (78.6%)] and phenolics [1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (57.23%)] as compared with the control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound increased 1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose in broccoli florets relative to the control by 57.23%.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- US treatmente1
- Outcome
- 1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiosee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 57.23%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e1“US treatment increased the extractability of glucosinolates [glucoraphanin (795%), 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (153%), glucobrassicin (78.6%)] and phenolics [1-sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (57.23%)] as compared with the control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin accumulation at 72 h of storage (187.1%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- 4-hydroxy glucobrassicine2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 187.1%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on glucoerucin accumulation at 72 h of storage (111.92%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- glucoerucine2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 111.92%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on gluconasturtiin accumulation at 72 h of storage (755.9%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- gluconasturtiine2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 755.9%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on neoglucobrassicin accumulation at 72 h of storage (232.8%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- neoglucobrassicine2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 232.8%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid accumulation at 72 h of storage (73.4%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- 3-O-caffeoylquinic acide2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 73.4%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose accumulation at 72 h of storage (56.0%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiosee2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 56.0%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined MJ and US treatment had a synergistic effect on 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose accumulation at 72 h of storage (136.7%).
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae2
- Treatment
- combined application of MJ and USe2
- Outcome
- 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiosee2
- Direction
- synergistic effecte2
- Value
- 136.7%e2
- Qualifier
- at 72 h of storagee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (187.1%), glucoerucin (111.92%), gluconasturtiin (755.9%), neoglucobrassicin (232.8%), 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (73.4%), 1-sinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (56.0%), and 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobiose (136.7%) at 72 h of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasound did not affect ascorbic acid content in broccoli florets.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- US treatmente3
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente3
- Direction
- not affectede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e3“In general, the ascorbic acid content was not affected by US treatment and decreased in most samples during storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid content decreased in most broccoli samples during storage.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Qualifier
- in most samples during storagee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e3“In general, the ascorbic acid content was not affected by US treatment and decreased in most samples during storage”
Claim · model-written summary
With MJ + ET, total ascorbic acid in CT + MJ + ET samples was significantly reduced by 53.4% after 72 h of storage relative to CT 0 h samples.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- MJ + ETe4
- Outcome
- content of total ascorbic acide4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 53.4%e4
- Qualifier
- after 72 h of storagee4
- Comparator
- CT 0 h samplese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e4“when MJ + ET were applied, the content of total ascorbic acid was significantly reduced in CT + MJ + ET and US + MJ + ET samples after 72 h of storage by 53.4% and 86.6%, respectively, as compared with CT 0 h samples”
Claim · model-written summary
With US + MJ + ET, total ascorbic acid was significantly reduced by 86.6% after 72 h of storage relative to CT 0 h samples.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- US + MJ + ETe4
- Outcome
- content of total ascorbic acide4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 86.6%e4
- Qualifier
- after 72 h of storagee4
- Comparator
- CT 0 h samplese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“broccoli florets”
e4“when MJ + ET were applied, the content of total ascorbic acid was significantly reduced in CT + MJ + ET and US + MJ + ET samples after 72 h of storage by 53.4% and 86.6%, respectively, as compared with CT 0 h samples”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined US and MJ application to raise glucosinolate and phenolic compound levels in broccoli during storage.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae5
- Treatment
- combined application of US and MJe5
- Outcome
- higher levels of glucosinolates and phenolic compoundse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the combined application of US and MJ could be a practical approach to yield higher levels of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in broccoli during storage”
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