Abstract
Broccoli contains high levels of bioactive molecules and is considered a functional food. In this study, postharvest treatments to enhance the concentration of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds were evaluated. Broccoli whole heads were wounded to obtain florets and wounded florets (florets cut into four even pieces) and stored for 24 h at 20 °C with or without exogenous ethylene (ET, 1000 ppm) or methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 250 ppm). Whole heads were used as a control for wounding treatments. Regarding glucosinolate accumulation, ET selectively induced the 4-hydroxylation of glucobrassicin in whole heads, resulting in ∼223% higher 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin than time 0 h samples. Additionally, glucoraphanin was increased by ∼53% in whole heads treated with ET, while neoglucobrassicin was greatly accumulated in wounded florets treated with ET or MeJA, showing increases of ∼193 and ∼286%, respectively. On the other hand, although only whole heads stored without phytohormones showed higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, which was reflected in ∼33, ∼30, and ∼46% higher levels of 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobose, 1,2-diferulolylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose, respectively; broccoli florets stored under air control conditions showed enhanced concentrations of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (∼22, ∼185, and ∼65% more, respectively). Furthermore, exogenous ET and MeJA impeded individual phenolics accumulation. Results allowed the elucidation of simple and effective postharvest treatment to enhance the content of individual glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in broccoli. The stressed-broccoli tissue could be subjected to downstream processing in order to extract and purify bioactive molecules with applications in the dietary supplements, agrochemical and cosmetics markets.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene selectively induced 4-hydroxylation of glucobrassicin in stored whole broccoli heads, giving about 223% higher 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin than at time 0 h.
- Taxon
- Broccoli
Brassica oleracea var. italicat0 - Organ / stage
- whole headse1
- Treatment
- ETe1
- Outcome
- 4-hydroxyglucobrassicine1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- ∼223%e1
- Comparator
- time 0 h samplese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“ET selectively induced the 4-hydroxylation of glucobrassicin in whole heads, resulting in ∼223% higher 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin than time 0 h samples”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucoraphanin increased by about 53% in whole broccoli heads treated with ethylene.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- whole headse1
- Treatment
- ETe1
- Outcome
- glucoraphanine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- ∼53%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“glucoraphanin was increased by ∼53% in whole heads treated with ET”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Neoglucobrassicin accumulated greatly in wounded broccoli florets treated with ethylene, an increase of about 193%.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- wounded floretse1
- Treatment
- ETe1
- Outcome
- neoglucobrassicine1
- Direction
- accumulatede1
- Value
- ∼193e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“neoglucobrassicin was greatly accumulated in wounded florets treated with ET or MeJA, showing increases of ∼193 and ∼286%, respectively”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Neoglucobrassicin accumulated greatly in wounded broccoli florets treated with methyl jasmonate, an increase of about 286%.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- wounded floretse1
- Treatment
- MeJAe1
- Outcome
- neoglucobrassicine1
- Direction
- accumulatede1
- Value
- ∼286%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“neoglucobrassicin was greatly accumulated in wounded florets treated with ET or MeJA, showing increases of ∼193 and ∼286%, respectively”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole broccoli heads stored without phytohormones had about 33% higher 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobose.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- whole headse1
- Outcome
- 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobosee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- ∼33e1
- Qualifier
- stored without phytohormonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“only whole heads stored without phytohormones showed higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, which was reflected in ∼33, ∼30, and ∼46% higher levels of 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobose, 1,2-diferulolylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose, respectively”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole broccoli heads stored without phytohormones had about 30% higher 1,2-diferulolylgentiobiose.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- whole headse1
- Outcome
- 1,2-diferulolylgentiobiosee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- ∼30e1
- Qualifier
- stored without phytohormonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“only whole heads stored without phytohormones showed higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, which was reflected in ∼33, ∼30, and ∼46% higher levels of 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobose, 1,2-diferulolylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose, respectively”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole broccoli heads stored without phytohormones had about 46% higher 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Organ / stage
- whole headse1
- Outcome
- 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiosee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- ∼46%e1
- Qualifier
- stored without phytohormonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“only whole heads stored without phytohormones showed higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, which was reflected in ∼33, ∼30, and ∼46% higher levels of 1,2,2-trisinapoylgentiobose, 1,2-diferulolylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose, respectively”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli florets stored under air control conditions had about 22% more 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae1
- Organ / stage
- floretse1
- Outcome
- 3-O-caffeoylquinic acide1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- ∼22e1
- Qualifier
- stored under air control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“broccoli florets stored under air control conditions showed enhanced concentrations of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (∼22, ∼185, and ∼65% more, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli florets stored under air control conditions had about 185% more 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae1
- Organ / stage
- floretse1
- Outcome
- 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiosee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- ∼185e1
- Qualifier
- stored under air control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“broccoli florets stored under air control conditions showed enhanced concentrations of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (∼22, ∼185, and ∼65% more, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broccoli florets stored under air control conditions had about 65% more 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae1
- Organ / stage
- floretse1
- Outcome
- 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiosee1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- ∼65% moree1
- Qualifier
- stored under air control conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“broccoli florets stored under air control conditions showed enhanced concentrations of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose, and 1,2-disinapoyl-2-ferulolylgentiobiose (∼22, ∼185, and ∼65% more, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ethylene and methyl jasmonate impeded accumulation of individual phenolics in broccoli.
- Taxon
- BroccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicat0
- Treatment
- exogenous ET and MeJAe1
- Outcome
- individual phenolics accumulatione1
- Direction
- impedede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“exogenous ET and MeJA impeded individual phenolics accumulation”
t0“Broccoli”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude the results identify a simple and effective postharvest treatment to enhance individual glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in broccoli.
- Taxon
- broccoliBrassica oleracea var. italicae1
- Outcome
- postharvest treatment to enhance the content of individual glucosinolates and phenolic compoundse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results allowed the elucidation of simple and effective postharvest treatment to enhance the content of individual glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in broccoli”
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