Abstract
Optimization of phosphorus (P) fertilization is important for balancing soil fertility especially in vertisol to support economic crop production. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of P fertilization (1998 to 2014) on crop yield and nutrient uptake, and soil fertility under continuous annually tilled corn (Zea mays L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. The study was conducted on Arik clay (isohyperthermic, fine clay Typic Haploxerert) using randomized complete block design with four replications for each treatment at the research farm of the Dept. of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey. P fertilizer at 0, 50, 100, 200 kg P2O5 ha−1 as triple superphosphate (TSP), respectively was applied a week before planting corn. Results showed that increasing P fertilization rates significantly decreased the number of mycorrhizal spores associated with corn roots. Similarly, a 10% decrease in corn root mycorrhizal colonization was observed with 200 kg P2O5 ha−1 fertilization. In the control treatment, corn yield was 4.3 Mg ha−1 as compared to 5.6, 5.7 and 6.1 Mg ha−1 in 50, 100 and 200 kg of P2O5/ha, respectively. The relationship between P fertilization and relative yield showed that more than 95% of the corn yield was produced when P applied at 100 kg P2O5 ha−1. While P fertilization significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K contents but decreased the leaf Zn, Fe and Mn contents, as compared with the control. However, P fertilization did not consistently affect the grain N and P contents. Both physiological efficiency- and agronomic efficiency of P fertilization have shown a significant non-linear increase than that of the control. Total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) concentrations were more than 34 and 26% higher in 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1rates as compared with the control. Likewise, available P (AP), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) concentrations increased with an increase in P fertilization rates. The AP, Mn and Zn contents significantly stratified by P fertilization. Our results suggested that 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 is optimum to sustain Vertisol fertility for supporting economic corn production in the Mediterranean climates of Turkey.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing P rates significantly decreased mycorrhizal spores associated with corn roots.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- increasing P fertilization ratese0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- number of mycorrhizal spores associated with corn rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing P fertilization rates significantly decreased the number of mycorrhizal spores associated with corn roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn root mycorrhizal colonization decreased 10% with 200 kg P2O5 ha−1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 200 kg P2O5 ha−1 fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- mycorrhizale0symbiont
- Outcome
- corn root mycorrhizal colonizatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 10% decrease in corn root mycorrhizal colonization was observed with 200 kg P2O5 ha−1 fertilization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield was 4.3 Mg ha−1 without P fertilizer.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- control treatmente0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Value
- 4.3 Mg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the control treatment, corn yield was 4.3 Mg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield was 5.6 Mg ha−1 at 50 kg P2O5/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 50e0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Value
- 5.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was 4.3 Mg ha−1 as compared to 5.6, 5.7 and 6.1 Mg ha−1 in 50, 100 and 200 kg of P2O5/ha, respectively.”
t0“Phosphorus Fertilization Impacts on Corn Yield and Soil Fertility”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield was 5.7 Mg ha−1 at 100 kg P2O5/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 100e0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Value
- 5.7e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was 4.3 Mg ha−1 as compared to 5.6, 5.7 and 6.1 Mg ha−1 in 50, 100 and 200 kg of P2O5/ha, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield was 6.1 Mg ha−1 at 200 kg P2O5/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 200 kg of P2O5/hae0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Value
- 6.1 Mg ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was 4.3 Mg ha−1 as compared to 5.6, 5.7 and 6.1 Mg ha−1 in 50, 100 and 200 kg of P2O5/ha, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
More than 95% of corn yield was produced at 100 kg P2O5 ha−1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- 100 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Value
- more than 95%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more than 95% of the corn yield was produced when P applied at 100 kg P2O5 ha−1.”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization significantly increased leaf N, P, and K contents.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf N, P, and K contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K contents but decreased the leaf Zn, Fe and Mn contents, as compared with the control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization decreased leaf Zn, Fe and Mn contents.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf Zn, Fe and Mn contentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization significantly increased the leaf N, P, and K contents but decreased the leaf Zn, Fe and Mn contents, as compared with the control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization did not consistently affect grain N and P contents.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- grain N and P contentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization did not consistently affect the grain N and P contents.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Physiological efficiency of P fertilization increased nonlinearly compared with control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- non-lineare0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both physiological efficiency- and agronomic efficiency of P fertilization have shown a significant non-linear increase than that of the control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic efficiency of P fertilization increased nonlinearly compared with control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- non-lineare0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both physiological efficiency- and agronomic efficiency of P fertilization have shown a significant non-linear increase than that of the control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total organic C was more than 34% higher under 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1ratese0
- Outcome
- Total organic C (TOC)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 34e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) concentrations were more than 34 and 26% higher in 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1rates as compared with the control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil total N was more than 26% higher under 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1ratese0
- Outcome
- total N (TN) concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) concentrations were more than 34 and 26% higher in 100 and 200 kg P2O5 ha−1rates as compared with the control.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil available P, manganese and zinc concentrations increased with P fertilization rates.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilization ratese0
- Outcome
- available P (AP), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available P (AP), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) concentrations increased with an increase in P fertilization rates.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Available P, Mn and Zn contents were significantly stratified by P fertilization.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- AP, Mn and Zn contentse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AP, Mn and Zn contents significantly stratified by P fertilization.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 for Vertisol fertility and economic corn production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- 100 kg P2O5 ha−1 is optimum to sustain Vertisol fertility for supporting economic corn productione0
- Setting
- Mediterranean climates of Turkeye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“100 kg P2O5 ha−1 is optimum to sustain Vertisol fertility for supporting economic corn production in the Mediterranean climates of Turkey.”
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