Abstract
Inappropriate management of irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilization can lead to underground water pollution, and soil degradation as well as increase the cost of crop production particularly in humid areas of China. In this context, the present experiment was designed to determine the appropriate irrigation amount and N fertilization rate for higher crop production, enzymatic activities, and N content. A two years field experiment was conducted during 2020–2021, to assess the effects of two irrigation condition (rainfed and supplementary irrigation) and five N fertilization rates (i.e. 0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha⁻1, thereafter referred as N0, N150, N200, N250, and N300) on aboveground dry biomass, soil-maize N accumulation, N-metabolisms related enzymes, grain yield and economic efficiency. Supplementary irrigation, N fertilization, and their interaction significantly affected the above measured parameters. For instance, N250 treatment with supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain N content, aboveground dry biomass, and N metabolisms enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase). Compared to N250 treatment, N300 resulted 0.4 % lower grain yield under supplementary irrigation. Similarly, the interaction of supplementary irrigation and N250 treatment enhanced the soil total N and nitrate-N content compared to other treatments. Supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain yield by 13.6 % compared to rainfed condition. More importantly, both N use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and the cost-benefit ratio were reduced when N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatment of the supplemented irrigation plot. Compared to other N fertilization rates, the N250 treatment resulted in a maximum net benefit of 10,082 CNY ha⁻1 under supplementary irrigation condition. Therefore, we suggest that 250 kg N ha⁻1 with supplementary irrigation is the best choice to improve N use efficiency, grain yield and provide a maximum economic benefit of maize crop. These finding may facilitate the scientific basis for irrigation and N fertilization management of maize crop in humid areas of China.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation, nitrogen fertilization and their interaction significantly affected the measured maize and soil parameters.
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementary irrigation, N fertilization, and their interaction significantly affected the above measured parameters”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N250 with supplementary irrigation increased grain nitrogen content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N250 treatment with supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain N content, aboveground dry biomass, and N metabolisms enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N250 with supplementary irrigation increased aboveground dry biomass.
- Treatment
- N250 treatment with supplementary irrigatione0
- Outcome
- aboveground dry biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N250 treatment with supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain N content, aboveground dry biomass, and N metabolisms enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N250 with supplementary irrigation increased nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase activity.
- Treatment
- N250 treatment with supplementary irrigatione0
- Outcome
- N metabolisms enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N250 treatment with supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain N content, aboveground dry biomass, and N metabolisms enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N300 had 0.4 % lower grain yield than N250 under supplementary irrigation.
- Treatment
- N300e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.4 %e0
- Qualifier
- under supplementary irrigatione0
- Comparator
- N250 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to N250 treatment, N300 resulted 0.4 % lower grain yield under supplementary irrigation”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary irrigation with N250 enhanced soil total nitrogen relative to other treatments.
- Treatment
- supplementary irrigation and N250 treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil total Ne0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction of supplementary irrigation and N250 treatment enhanced the soil total N and nitrate-N content compared to other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary irrigation with N250 enhanced soil nitrate nitrogen relative to other treatments.
- Treatment
- supplementary irrigation and N250 treatmente0
- Outcome
- nitrate-N contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction of supplementary irrigation and N250 treatment enhanced the soil total N and nitrate-N content compared to other treatments”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary irrigation increased grain yield 13.6 % versus rainfed conditions.
- Treatment
- Supplementary irrigatione0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.6 %e0
- Comparator
- rainfed conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Supplementary irrigation significantly increased grain yield by 13.6 % compared to rainfed condition”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen use efficiency decreased when nitrogen rate exceeded N300 under supplementary irrigation.
- Treatment
- N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatmente0
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- supplemented irrigation plote0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both N use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and the cost-benefit ratio were reduced when N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatment of the supplemented irrigation plot”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation water use efficiency decreased when nitrogen rate exceeded N300 under supplementary irrigation.
- Treatment
- N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatmente0
- Outcome
- irrigation water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- supplemented irrigation plote0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both N use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and the cost-benefit ratio were reduced when N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatment of the supplemented irrigation plot”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cost benefit ratio decreased when nitrogen rate exceeded N300 under supplementary irrigation.
- Treatment
- N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatmente0
- Outcome
- cost-benefit ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- supplemented irrigation plote0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both N use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and the cost-benefit ratio were reduced when N fertilization rate exceed to N300 treatment of the supplemented irrigation plot”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
N250 under supplementary irrigation gave the maximum net benefit, 10,082 CNY ha⁻1.
- Treatment
- N250 treatmente0
- Outcome
- net benefite0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 10,082 CNY ha⁻1e0
- Qualifier
- under supplementary irrigation conditione0
- Comparator
- other N fertilization ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to other N fertilization rates, the N250 treatment resulted in a maximum net benefit of 10,082 CNY ha⁻1 under supplementary irrigation condition”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 250 kg N ha⁻1 with supplementary irrigation to improve maize nitrogen use, grain yield and economic benefit.
- Outcome
- 250 kg N ha⁻1 with supplementary irrigation is the best choicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we suggest that 250 kg N ha⁻1 with supplementary irrigation is the best choice to improve N use efficiency, grain yield and provide a maximum economic benefit of maize crop”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.