Abstract
Abstract Appropriate land configuration and assured nutrient supply are prerequisites for quality organic baby corn ( Zea mays L.) production in high rainfall areas of the delicate Eastern Himalayan Region of India. A long term (5-year) study was conducted during 2012–2016 on a sandy loam soil in the mid attitude of Sikkim, Eastern Himalayan Region of India to evaluate the productivity, produce quality, the profitability of baby corn, and soil properties under different land configurations comprising flatbed, ridge and furrow, and broad bed and furrow, and organic nutrient management practices comprising un-amended control, farmyard manure 12 t ha −1 , vermicompost 4 t ha −1 and farmyard manure 6 t ha −1 + vermicompost 2 t ha −1 . The baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm), maximum dry matter (64.33 g plant −1 ), highest leaf area index (3.5), maximum cob length (8.10 cm), cob girth (6.13 cm) and cob weight (8.14 g) leading to significantly higher fresh baby corn yield (1.89 t ha −1 ), and net returns (US$ 906.1 ha −1 ) than those of other treatments. Mineral composition (phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc), protein, and ascorbic acid content were also the highest in baby corn grown under the broad bed and furrow system. The soil of broad bed and furrow had a higher pH, organic carbon content, organic carbon pools, microbial biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, and acid phosphatase) compared to soils of other land configurations. A combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) improved the crop growth and produced 117.8% higher fresh baby corn and 99.7% higher fodder yield over control (0.9 t fresh corn and 13.02 t fodder yield ha −1 ), respectively. This treatment also registered significantly higher gross return (US$ 1746.9 ha −1 ), net return (US$ 935.8 ha −1 ), and benefit–cost ratio (2.15) than other nutrient management practices. Fresh cob quality in terms of protein (22.91%) and ascorbic acid content (101.6 mg 100 g −1 ) was observed to be significantly superior under combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) than those of other nutrient management systems. However, fresh baby corn cobs produced with vermicompost 4 t ha −1 had the highest concentration of phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc. Application of farmyard manure 12 t ha −1 registered the maximum increment in soil organic carbon content (1.52%), its pool (40.6 t ha −1 ) and carbon sequestration rate (0.74 t ha −1 year −1 ) followed by integrated application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) and vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ). The maximum soil microbial biomass carbon and enzymatic activities [dehydrogenase (22.1 µg TPF g −1 soil h −1 ) and fluorescein diacetate (67.1 µg FDA g −1 soil h −1 )] were noted with the combined use of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ). Thus, the study suggests that the broad bed and furrow land configuration along with the combined application of farmyard manure + vermicompost could be an economically feasible practice for quality organic baby corn production and soil health improvement in the Eastern Himalaya and other similar eco-regions elsewhere.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow produced tallest plants at 149.25 cm.
- Taxon
- baby corne0
- Treatment
- broad bed and furrowe0
- Outcome
- tallest plante0
- Direction
- talleste0
- Value
- 149.25 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow produced maximum dry matter at 64.33 g plant −1.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- broad bed and furrowe2
- Outcome
- dry mattere0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 64.33 g plant −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum dry matter (64.33 g plant −1 )”
e1“maximum dry matter (64.33 g plant −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow produced highest leaf area index of 3.5.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“highest leaf area index (3.5)”
e1“highest leaf area index (3.5)”
t0“baby corn”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow produced maximum cob length of 8.10 cm.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“maximum cob length (8.10 cm)”
e1“maximum cob length (8.10 cm)”
t0“baby corn”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow produced cob girth of 6.13 cm.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“cob girth (6.13 cm)”
e1“cob girth (6.13 cm)”
t0“baby corn”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow produced cob weight of 8.14 g.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“cob weight (8.14 g)”
e1“cob weight (8.14 g)”
t0“baby corn”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow gave significantly higher fresh yield of 1.89 t ha −1.
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher fresh baby corn yield (1.89 t ha −1 )”
e1“significantly higher fresh baby corn yield (1.89 t ha −1 )”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
e3“net returns (US$ 906.1 ha −1 ) than those of other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow gave net returns of US$ 906.1 ha −1.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- broad bed and furrowe2
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- US$ 906.1 ha −1e0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“net returns (US$ 906.1 ha −1 ) than those of other treatments”
e1“net returns (US$ 906.1 ha −1 ) than those of other treatments”
t0“baby corn”
e2“baby corn sown on broad bed and furrow had the tallest plant (149.25 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow gave highest mineral composition, protein and ascorbic acid content.
- Taxon
- baby corne0
- Treatment
- broad bed and furrow systeme0
- Outcome
- Mineral composition (phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc), protein, and ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Mineral composition (phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc), protein, and ascorbic acid content were also the highest in baby corn grown under the broad bed and furrow system”
Claim · model-written summary
Broad bed and furrow soil had higher pH, carbon and microbial and enzyme measures.
Verbatim
e0“The soil of broad bed and furrow had a higher pH, organic carbon content, organic carbon pools, microbial biomass carbon, and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, fluorescein diacetate, and acid phosphatase) compared to soils of other land configurations”
t0“baby corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and vermicompost increased fresh baby corn yield by 117.8% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“A combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) improved the crop growth and produced 117.8% higher fresh baby corn and 99.7% higher fodder yield over control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and vermicompost increased fodder yield by 99.7% versus control.
Verbatim
e0“A combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) improved the crop growth and produced 117.8% higher fresh baby corn and 99.7% higher fodder yield over control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment gave higher gross return of US$ 1746.9 ha −1.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- combined application of farmyard manuree2
- Outcome
- gross returne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- US$ 1746.9 ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“significantly higher gross return (US$ 1746.9 ha −1 )”
e1“significantly higher gross return (US$ 1746.9 ha −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
e2“A combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) improved the crop growth and produced 117.8% higher fresh baby corn and 99.7% higher fodder yield over control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment gave higher net return of US$ 935.8 ha −1.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- combined application of farmyard manuree2
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Value
- US$ 935.8 ha −1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“net return (US$ 935.8 ha −1 )”
e1“net return (US$ 935.8 ha −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
e2“A combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) improved the crop growth and produced 117.8% higher fresh baby corn and 99.7% higher fodder yield over control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment gave higher benefit–cost ratio of 2.15.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- combined application of farmyard manuree2
- Outcome
- benefit–cost ratioe0
- Value
- 2.15e0
- Comparator
- other nutrient management practicese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“benefit–cost ratio (2.15) than other nutrient management practices”
e1“benefit–cost ratio (2.15) than other nutrient management practices”
t0“baby corn”
e2“A combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 ) improved the crop growth and produced 117.8% higher fresh baby corn and 99.7% higher fodder yield over control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment gave higher fresh cob protein of 22.91%.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 22.91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“protein (22.91%) and ascorbic acid content (101.6 mg 100 g −1 ) was observed to be significantly superior under combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment gave higher fresh cob ascorbic acid of 101.6 mg 100 g −1.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acid contente0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 101.6 mg 100 g −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“protein (22.91%) and ascorbic acid content (101.6 mg 100 g −1 ) was observed to be significantly superior under combined application of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost at 4 t ha −1 gave highest cob phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc.
- Taxon
- baby corne0
- Treatment
- vermicompost 4 t ha −1e0
- Outcome
- concentration of phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zince0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“fresh baby corn cobs produced with vermicompost 4 t ha −1 had the highest concentration of phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure at 12 t ha −1 gave the maximum soil organic carbon content, pool and sequestration rate.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- farmyard manure 12 t ha −1e0
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon contente0
- Direction
- maximum incremente0
- Value
- 1.52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Application of farmyard manure 12 t ha −1 registered the maximum increment in soil organic carbon content (1.52%), its pool (40.6 t ha −1 ) and carbon sequestration rate (0.74 t ha −1 year −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and vermicompost gave maximum soil microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- baby cornt0
- Treatment
- combined use of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 )e0
- Outcome
- soil microbial biomass carbon and enzymatic activitiese0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The maximum soil microbial biomass carbon and enzymatic activities [dehydrogenase (22.1 µg TPF g −1 soil h −1 ) and fluorescein diacetate (67.1 µg FDA g −1 soil h −1 )] were noted with the combined use of farmyard manure (6 t ha −1 ) + vermicompost (2 t ha −1 )”
t0“baby corn”
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